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991.
Patients who have a concrete cognitive style are psychotherapeutically best treated by methods that take into account their cognitive style, whether it is defensive or results from a cognitive developmental arrest. Concrete thinking, while an obstacle to insight-oriented therapy, is no obstacle to changing attitudes and behaviors by means that do not involve the development of insight into unconscious conflict or motivation. 相似文献
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The presence of gastrointestinal (GI) tract hemangiomatosis was demonstrated by computed tomography in two children who presented with lower GI tract bleeding. Marked vascular enhancement of the bowel during rapid intravenous administration of contrast material and dynamic scanning is characteristic, similar to that seen with hemangiomas elsewhere in the body. Barium examinations demonstrate submucosal lesions within the bowel and are useful to approximate the length of bowel involvement. 相似文献
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Wylie DR Brown MR Barkley RR Winship IR Crowder NA Todd KG 《The Journal of comparative neurology》2003,456(2):140-153
Previous neurophysiologic research in birds and mammals has shown that there are two types of Purkinje cells in the flocculus. The first type shows maximal modulation in response to rotational optokinetic stimulation about the vertical axis (rVA neurons). The second type shows maximal modulation in response to rotational optokinetic stimulation about a horizontal axis oriented 45 degrees to contralateral azimuth (rH45c neurons). In pigeons, the rVA and rH45c are organized into four alternating parasagittal zones. In this study we investigated the projections of Purkinje cells in the rVA and rH45c zones by using the anterograde tracers biotinylated dextran amine and cholera toxin subunit B. After iontophoretic injections of tracers into the rH45c zones, heavy anterograde labeling was found in the infracerebellar nucleus and the medial margin of the superior vestibular nucleus. Some labeling was also consistently observed in the lateral cerebellar nucleus and the dorsolateral vestibular nucleus. After injections into the rVA zones, heavy anterograde labeling was found in the medial and descending vestibular nuclei, the nucleus prepositus hypoglossi, and the central region of the superior vestibular nucleus. Less labeling was seen in the tangential nucleus, the dorsolateral vestibular nucleus, and the lateral vestibular nucleus, pars ventralis. These results are compared and contrasted with findings in mammalian species. 相似文献
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Wylie DR Brown MR Winship IR Crowder NA Todd KG 《The Journal of comparative neurology》2003,465(2):179-194
Previous electrophysiological studies in pigeons have shown that the complex spike activity of Purkinje cells in the medial vestibulocerebellum (nodulus and ventral uvula) is modulated by patterns of optic flow that result from self-translation along a particular axis in three-dimensional space. There are four response types based on the axis of preferred translational optic flow. By using a three axis system, where +X, +Y, and +Z represent rightward, upward, and forward self-motion, respectively, the four cell types are t(+Y), t(-Y), t(-X-Z), and t(-X+Z), with the assumption of recording from the left side of the head. These response types are organized into parasagittal zones. In this study, we injected the anterograde tracer biotinylated dextran amine into physiologically identified zones. The t(-X-Z) zone projected dorsally within the vestibulocerebellar process (pcv) on the border with the medial cerebellar nucleus (CbM), and labeling was found in the CbM itself. The t(-X+Z) zone also projected to the pcv and CbM, but to areas ventral to the projection sites of the t(-X-Z) zone. The t(-Y) zone also projected to the pcv, but more ventrally on the border with the superior vestibular nucleus (VeS). Some labeling was also found in the dorsal VeS and the dorsolateral margin of the caudal descending vestibular nucleus, and a small amount of labeling was found laterally in the caudal margin of the medial vestibular nucleus. The data set was insufficient to draw conclusions about the projection of the t(+Y) zone. These results are contrasted with the projections of the flocculus, compared with the primary vestibular projection, and implications for collimotor function are discussed. 相似文献
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BD Spiess ; R Sassetti ; RJ McCarthy ; RF Narbone ; KJ Tuman ; AD Ivankovich 《Transfusion》1992,32(1):17-22
Transfusion practices have changed dramatically in recent years as a result of the acquired immune deficiency syndrome crisis. The use of preoperative donation of autologous blood units has gained popularity. Healthy individuals tolerate phlebotomy well, experiencing a 2- to 5-percent incidence of vasovagal reactions. However, no systematic study of hemodynamic function during phlebotomy exists for patients who have major cardiovascular or multiple organ disease (high-risk patients). The following protocol examines blood pressure, heart rate, cardiac output, lead II electrocardiogram, and pulse oximetry in 123 patients donating a total of 224 units of blood in a new high-risk autologous blood donation program that was conducted in a postanesthesia care unit over the past 18 months. Changes in hemodynamic variables during phlebotomy were consistent with mild volume depletion; the changes did not result in overall differences in the courses of the groups. Significant numbers of patients exhibited systolic or diastolic hypotension, dysrhythmias, syncope, and tachycardia. Because tolerance for hypotension (vasovagal reactions) is decreased in patients with coronary artery disease, appropriate monitoring may be warranted to maximize the safety of elective phlebotomy. Further study is required to stratify risks and to determine which hemodynamic variables are predictive of adverse events. 相似文献
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