Ion channel expression by white matter glia: I. Type 2 astrocytes and oligodendrocytes

White matter is a compact structure consisting primarily of neuronal axons and glial cells. As in other parts of the nervous system, the function of glial cells in white matter is poorly understood. We have explored the electrophysiological properties of two types of glial cells found predominantly in white matter: type 2 astrocytes and oligodendrocytes. Whole-cells and single-channel patch-clamp techniques were used to study these cell types in postnatal rat optic nerve cultures prepared according to the procedures of Raff et al. (Nature, 303:390-396, 1983b). Type 2 astrocytes in culture exhibit a "neuronal" channel phenotype, expressing at least six distinct ion channel types. With whole-cell recording we observed three inward currents: a voltage-sensitive sodium current qualitatively similar to that found in neurons and both transient and sustained calcium currents. In addition, type 2 astrocytes had two components of outward current: a delayed potassium current which activated at 0 mV and an inactivating calcium-dependent potassium current which activated at -30 mV. Type 2 astrocytes in culture could be induced to fire single regenerative potentials in response to injections of depolarizing current. Single-channel recording demonstrated the presence of an outwardly rectifying chloride channel in both type 2 astrocytes and oligodendrocytes, but this channel could only be observed in excised patches. Oligodendrocytes expressed only one other current: an inwardly rectifying potassium current that is mediated by 30- and 120-pS channels. Because these channels preferentially conduct potassium from outside to inside the cell, and because they are open at the resting potential of the cell, they would be appropriate for removing potassium from the extracellular space; thus it is proposed that oligodendrocytes, besides myelinating axons, play an important role in potassium regulation in white matter. The conductances present in oligodendrocytes suggest a "modulated Boyle and Conway mechanism" of potassium accumulation.     

Complexation of Nifedipine with Substituted Phenolic Ligands

The bioavailability of nifedipine in man is highly variable. This may be partly due to its poor aqueous solubility (5–6 µg/ml over pH 2.2–10.0, as determined in this laboratory). We initiated this study to examine the enhancement of aqueous nifedipine solubility via complexation. A series of substituted aromatic ligands was studied to identify those structural features important for complexation with nifedipine. The studies were performed at 25°C employing the solubility technique, using pH 2.2 or 7.0 buffers at an ionic strength of 0.25 M. The apparent equilibrium complexation constants for the 1:1 and/or 1:2 complexes were determined, where appropriate. A linear free-energy approach was used to relate K _1:1 with Hammett's sigma () and fractional partition coefficient () parameters. The following correlation was obtained: log (K _l:l/K _o = 0.31 + 0.l0 + 0.36 (r ² = 0.86, P < 0.003, N = 9), where K _o is the complexation constant for phenol. Statistical analyses showed that was more important than in affecting nifedipine complexation. The exact location of this interaction on the nifedipine molecule is undefined at present.     

2型糖尿病对扩张型心肌病患者预后的影响研究

背景 2型糖尿病可增加患者心血管疾病的早发风险,对健康构成重大威胁。阐明2型糖尿病对扩张型心肌病患者预后的影响,有利于指导患者的管理。目的 探讨2型糖尿病对扩张型心肌病患者预后的影响。方法 回顾性选取广西医科大学第一附属医院心血管内科2015年1月至2020年5月收治的313例扩张型心肌病患者为研究对象。根据患者是否罹患2型糖尿病将患者分为糖尿病组（n=66）和非糖尿病组（n=247）,收集患者一般资料、实验室检查指标并进行随访,随访终点事件为全因死亡,随访日期截至2021-12-31。采用landmark比较两组患者的生存率。建立多因素Cox比例风险回归模型,探究扩张型心肌病患者全因死亡的影响因素。结果 Landmark分析结果显示,糖尿病组和非糖尿病组扩张型心肌病患者随访1年内的生存率比较,差异无统计学意义（χ2=1.520,P=0.218）;随访1年后,糖尿病组扩张型心肌病患者的生存率低于非糖尿病组（χ2=4.414,P=0.036）。分段拟合法构建的多因素Cox比例风险回归分析显示,收缩压[HR=0.965,95%CI(0.948,0.982)]、N末端B型利钠肽原[HR=9....     

人工智能应用于糖尿病视网膜病变的文献计量学分析

背景 近年来,人工智能（AI）在医学领域发展迅速,在糖尿病视网膜病变（DR）中的应用范围不断扩展。目的 通过文献计量分析总结AI在DR领域的应用情况,阐明AI在DR领域相关研究的现状、热点和新兴趋势,以期为未来的研究提供思路。方法 以Web of Science数据库为来源,检索建库至2022-11-04的AI应用于DR领域的相关文献,运用CiteSpace软件对纳入文献进行发文量、国家、机构、作者、共被引和关键词的文献计量学分析。结果共获得1 770篇文献,2011年1月至2022年11月发文量总体呈上升趋势,2021年发文量达峰值（402篇）。中国是发文量（440篇）位居第1的国家,英国为中心性（0.26）最高的国家。机构合作网络图谱共纳入436家机构,以中山大学和首都医科大学为代表。作者合作网络图谱共纳入601位作者,以JIA Y L和HWANG T为代表。GULSHAN V、ABRàMOFF M D与TING D W 3位高被引作者对该领域做出了重要贡献。Ophthalmology、Invest Ophth Vis Sci和Ieee T Med Imaging是AI应用于DR领...     

应用心肌分层应变及做功技术评估长期腹膜透析尿毒症患者左心室功能

［摘要］目的： 利用心肌分层应变及心肌做功技术对长期腹膜透析的尿毒症患者的左心室功能进行研究,评估其在长期腹膜透析下的心功能变化。方法: 选择长期规律进行腹膜透析且经常规超声心动图检查提示左心室射血分数(left ventricular ejection fraction,LVEF)正常的尿毒症患者14例,测量其常规二维超声心动图参数,利用二维斑点追踪及心肌分层应变技术测量左心室整体纵向收缩期峰值应变(global longitudinal peak systolic strain,GLS)及内膜层、肌层和心外膜层3层心肌的纵向收缩期峰值应变(longitudinal peak systolic strain,LS),并结合血压得出左心室心肌整体做功参数,共同评估左心室心肌功能,随访5年并比较腹膜透析5年前后相关数据变化。结果: 规律腹膜透析5年后,尿毒症患者LVEF改变无统计学差异;GLS在四腔心切面明显减低(P=0.018),并从心内膜减低至心外膜(LS心内膜层 P=0.029,LS肌层 P=0.017,LS心外膜层 P=0.004);心肌整体做功参数以整体无用功(GWW)升高为主(P=0.048),整体有用功(GCW)、整体做功指数(GWI)及整体做功效率(GWE)无统计学差异。结论: 长期规律腹膜透析5年的尿毒症患者,其左心室整体心肌功能尚保持稳定,但局部心肌收缩功能进一步受损,主要体现在后间隔和侧壁的各层心肌,心肌做功以GWW升高为主。     

Use of an in Vitro Model for the Assessment of Muscle Damage from Intramuscular Injections: in Vitro-in Vivo Correlation and Predictability with Mixed Solvent Systems

The potential of binary mixtures of propylene glycol–water, ethanol–water, and polyethylene glycol 400–water to cause skeletal muscle damage (myotoxicity) following intramuscular injection was examined with an in vitro model using the isolated rat muscle. At moderate concentrations (20–40%, v/v) of the organic cosolvent, the order of myotoxicity was propylene glycol > ethanol polyethylene glycol 400. The in vitro results were then compared with in vivo toxicity in rabbits after injection of normal saline, 40% (v/v) polyethylene glycol 400, 40% (v/v) propylene glycol, indocyanine green in normal saline, and indocyanine green in 40% (v/v) propylene glycol. Employing the area under the creatine kinase activity curve from 0 to 72 hr as the index of skeletal muscle damage, an excellent in vitro–in vivo correlation was observed. The basic myotoxicity relationships obtained from the binary cosolvent systems were then used to examine the myotoxicity of ternary organic cosolvent mixtures. Several mixed solvent systems with the same theoretical molar solubilization power for a model compound, diazepam, were selected to determine (1) if myotoxicity can be reduced by changing the composition of the ternary mixtures and (2) if myotoxicity of the individual components is additive. For the solvent systems containing propylene glycol, ethanol, and water, the total myotoxicity equaled the sum of the individual myotoxicity of each component. In contrast, for the solvent systems containing polyethylene glycol 400, the total myotoxicity was only half of the sum of individual toxicities. These results suggest that polyethylene glycol 400 in mixed cosolvent systems might have a protective effect on the myotoxicity generated by intramuscular injections.     

先天性高肩胛症的局部解剖特征及手术治疗

目的 :报道先天性高肩胛症的病理及局部解剖特征及其手术疗效。方法 :临床观察了 12例先天性高肩胛症软组织和骨骼的局部解剖特点 ,并采用肩胛骨上部切除和改良Woodward手术联合治疗。结果 :随访 12～ 3 0个月 ,肩胛骨下移 1～ 2肋间隙 ,平均 1.7肋间隙 ,肩部外观、肩关节功能均明显改善。结论 :先天性高肩胛症为软组织和骨骼的复合病变 ,联合手术可明显改善畸形和关节功能     

Identification of Potential Diagnostic and Vaccine Candidates of Helicobacter pylori by Two-Dimensional Gel Electrophoresis, Sequence Analysis, and Serum Profiling

There is great interest in characterizing the proteins of the gastric pathogen Helicobacter pylori, especially those to which humans respond immunologically, because of the potential importance of such proteins in diagnosis and vaccine development. Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis was used to separate and identify potential antigens of H. pylori ATCC 43504. Over 30 proteins were reactive in Western blots with pooled sera from 14 infected patients. These proteins were analyzed by N-terminal sequence analysis. Fourteen proteins were determined to be distinct from any proteins previously described from H. pylori; the others were previously isolated and characterized proteins. Analysis of eight distinct H. pylori strains showed that most of these antigens were produced by all of the strains. We propose that collection of new antigens such as those recognized here will be useful in serologic tests for detecting and monitoring H. pylori infection and may also serve as potential targets for antimicrobial agent or vaccine development.     

THE EXPLORATION ON APPLIED VALUE OF BA IN DIAGNOSIS OF TIA

目的:探讨脑电地形图在短暂性脑缺血发作诊断中的应用价值.方法:在68例短暂性脑缺血发作患者中,进行了脑电地形图检查.结果:在67(98.52%)例患者中脑电地形图是异常的.40(58.82%)的患者脑电地形图在θ或δ频段显示高功率阴影,在α频段显示低功率阴影.14(20.59%)例患者在α频段显示低功率阴影.12(17.65%)例患者在θ或δ频段显示高功率阴影.1(1.47%)例患者在β频段显示低功率阴影.1(1.47%)例患者正常.结论:脑电地形图在短暂性脑缺血发作的临床诊断中具有重要意义.     

CD1d deficiency exacerbates inflammatory dermatitis in MRL-lpr/lpr mice

Mechanisms responsible for the development of autoimmune skin disease in humans and animal models with lupus remain poorly understood. In this study, we have investigated the role of CD1d, an antigen-presenting molecule known to activate natural killer T cells, in the development of inflammatory dermatitis in lupus-susceptible MRL-lpr/lpr mice. In particular, we have established MRL-lpr/lpr mice carrying a germ-line deletion of the CD1d genes. We demonstrate that CD1d-deficient MRL-lpr/lpr mice, as compared with wild-type littermates, have more frequent and more severe skin disease, with increased local infiltration with mast cells, lymphocytes and dendritic cells, including Langerhans cells. CD1d-deficient MRL-lpr/lpr mice had increased prevalence of CD4(+) T cells in the spleen and liver and of TCR alpha beta (+)B220(+) cells in lymph nodes. Furthermore, CD1d deficiency was associated with decreased T cell production of type 2 cytokines and increased or unchanged type 1 cytokines. These findings indicate a regulatory role of CD1d in inflammatory dermatitis. Understanding the mechanisms by which CD1d deficiency results in splenic T cell expansion and cytokine alterations, with increased dermal infiltration of dendritic cells and lymphocytes in MRL-lpr/lpr mice, will have implications for the pathogenesis of inflammatory skin diseases.