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21.
Toshiro Hara Rony Chanoch-Myers Nathan D. Mathewson Chad Myskiw Lyla Atta Lillian Bussema Stephen W. Eichhorn Alissa C. Greenwald Gabriela S. Kinker Christopher Rodman L. Nicolas Gonzalez Castro Hiroaki Wakimoto Orit Rozenblatt-Rosen Xiaowei Zhuang Jean Fan Tony Hunter Inder M. Verma Kai W. Wucherpfennig Itay Tirosh 《Cancer cell》2021,39(6):779-792.e11
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22.
Thomas W. McDade Alexander V. Georgiev Christopher W. Kuzawa 《Evolution, Medicine, and Public Health》2016,2016(1):1-16
Immune defenses provide resistance against infectious disease that is critical to survival. But immune defenses are costly, and limited resources allocated to immunity are not available for other physiological or developmental processes. We propose a framework for explaining variation in patterns of investment in two important subsystems of anti-pathogen defense: innate (non-specific) and acquired (specific) immunity. The developmental costs of acquired immunity are high, but the costs of maintenance and activation are relatively low. Innate immunity imposes lower upfront developmental costs, but higher operating costs. Innate defenses are mobilized quickly and are effective against novel pathogens. Acquired responses are less effective against novel exposures, but more effective against secondary exposures due to immunological memory. Based on their distinct profiles of costs and effectiveness, we propose that the balance of investment in innate versus acquired immunity is variable, and that this balance is optimized in response to local ecological conditions early in development. Nutritional abundance, high pathogen exposure and low signals of extrinsic mortality risk during sensitive periods of immune development should all favor relatively higher levels of investment in acquired immunity. Undernutrition, low pathogen exposure, and high mortality risk should favor innate immune defenses. The hypothesis provides a framework for organizing prior empirical research on the impact of developmental environments on innate and acquired immunity, and suggests promising directions for future research in human ecological immunology. 相似文献
23.
Rebecca Wright Caleb Ferguson Mustafa Bodrick Hanan Balkhy Debra Jackson Patricia M. Davidson 《Journal of clinical nursing》2020,29(13-14):2723-2729
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Journal of Children's Orthopaedics - Hip dislocation is seen in approximately 30 % of children with amyoplasia and approximately 50 % of these will be bilateral. Closed... 相似文献