经阴道无张力尿道中段悬吊术治疗女性压力性尿失禁28例围术期护理体会

目的:探讨经阴道无张力尿道中段悬吊术(TVT)治疗女性压力性尿失禁的护理方法。方法:回顾性分析行TVT手术治疗的28例女性压力性尿失禁患者的护理资料,术前做好充分准备,术后加强对伤口的护理,密切观察病情变化,观察有无排尿困难、出血、感染等并发症。结果:本组24例术后排尿功能恢复良好,4例因膀胱不稳定或感染发生排尿困难,经持续导尿、膀胱训练及药物治疗后均恢复排尿功能。结论:对女性压力性尿失禁患者行TVT手术,并给予术前充分准备和术后严密观察护理,可减少术后并发症的发生,促进患者康复。     

Association of Vitamin D in Different Trimester with Hemoglobin during Pregnancy

The association between vitamin D and hemoglobin has been suggested. Vitamin D can affect erythropoiesis by the induction of erythroid progenitor cell proliferation and enhance iron absorption by regulating the iron-hepcidin-ferroportin axis in monocytes. However, this relationship in pregnant women is scarce. The purpose of this study was to investigate the association between plasma vitamin D levels with hemoglobin concentration in pregnant women considering each trimester and iron supplementation. The data were obtained from Zhoushan Pregnant Women Cohort, collected from 2011 to 2018. Plasma 25(OH)D was measured in each trimester using liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Generalized estimating equations and multiple linear regressions were performed. Finally, 2962 pregnant women and 4419 observations in the first trimester were included in this study. Plasma 25(OH)D in first trimester (T1) (β = 0.06, p = 0.0177), second trimester (T2) (β = 0.15, p < 0.0001), and third trimester (T3) (β = 0.12, p = 0.0006) were positively associated with Hb. Association between plasma 25(OH)D levels in T1 and Hb concentration was positively associated with gestational age (β = 0.005, p = 0.0421). Pregnant women with VD deficiency in T1 (OR = 1.42, 95% CI: 1.07–1.88) or T2 (OR = 1.94, 95% CI: 1.30–2.89) presented an increased risk of anemia, compared with women without VD deficiency. Moreover, the significant relationship between VD and Hb was only observed among women with iron supplementation during pregnancy. Plasma 25(OH)D levels in each trimester were positively associated with Hb concentration. Iron supplementation might be an important factor affecting the relationship between VD and Hb.     

Clinical acceptability, use-patterns and use-effectiveness of the vaginal contraceptive sponge and Neo Sampoon tablets--an international multi-center randomized clinical trial

This paper describes the results from a randomized clinical trial comparing the Collatex vaginal contraceptive sponge (a predecessor of the Today sponge) and Neo Sampoon foaming vaginal contraceptive tablets; the trial was conducted from 1979 to 1983 in four centers located in three countries (two in Yugoslavia and one each in Taiwan and Bangladesh). The sponge was associated with more insertion and retention problems than the tablet, especially in the two Asian centers. More Neo Sampoon users complained of a burning or stinging sensation. This complaint, however, seemed to be well-tolerated and was not a frequent reason for irregular use and/or discontinuation of use of the tablets. Clinically significant medical complications were rarely reported for either method. Sponge users were more likely to report irregular use than tablet users, primarily due to inconvenience of use. Rates of discontinuation at six months of use were also consistently higher among sponge users than Neo Sampoon users in the four centers. Life-table pregnancy rates at 12 months of use ranged from 3.8 to 18.2 per 100 sponge users and 6.2 to 29.9 per 100 Neo Sampoon users, based on data from the two Yugoslavian centers and the Taiwan center (data from the Bangladesh center were excluded from analysis of pregnancy rates). Practical implications of these findings are discussed.     

Guillain-Barre综合征合并中枢神经系统脱髓鞘病变的临床研究

目的 探讨Guillain-Barre综合征（GBS）合并中枢神经系统（CNS）脱髓鞘病变及两者之间的发病关系和可能的发病机制。方法 对3例合并CNS脱髓鞘病变的GBS患者的临床及实验室资料进行分析。结果 例1男，28岁，主要表现为全身软瘫和昏迷，血气分析结果正常，脑脊液有蛋白细胞分离，寡克隆带阳性，肌电图提示神经源性损害；MRI示双侧脑白质及颈髓广泛多发性脱髓鞘改变；应用血浆和免疫球蛋白治疗后好转，例2女，5岁，因进行性四肢无力，呼吸困难入院，应用呼吸机和血浆治疗过程中出现脑干反射障碍，后放弃治疗死亡，死后行腓肠神经病检示周围神经脱髓鞘病变，例3男，12岁，因进行性四肢无力伴大小便困难入院；颅脑MRI未见异常，脊髓MRI见T5-T4节段广泛脱髓鞘病变；脑脊液有蛋白细胞分离。寡克隆带阳性；肌电图示周围神经传导速度减慢。结论 合并意识障碍的GBS大多病情危重，其发病机制不详，可能与P1碱蛋白引起的自身免疫反应造成周围和GNS的共同脱髓鞘有关。     

Dapagliflozin Ameliorates Lipopolysaccharide Related Acute Kidney Injury in Mice with Streptozotocin-induced Diabetes Mellitus

Sepsis, which is a serious medical condition induced by infection, has been the most common cause of acute kidney injury (AKI) and is associated with high mortality and morbidity. Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitor is a new oral antidiabetic drug that has greatly improved the cardiovascular and renal outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes independent of its sugar lowering effect, possibly by attenuation of the inflammatory process. We investigated the effect of the SGLT2 inhibitor dapagliflozin on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced endotoxic shock with AKI in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice. Endotoxin shock with AKI was induced by intravenous injection of 10 mg/kg LPS in C57BL6 mice with streptozotocin-induced diabetic mellitus with or without dapagliflozin treatment. Observation was done for 48 hours thereafter. In addition, NRK-52E cells incubated with LPS or dapagliflozin were evaluated for the possible mechanism. Treatment with dapagliflozin attenuated LPS-induced endotoxic shock associated AKI and decreased the inflammatory cytokines in diabetic mice. In the in vitro study, dapagliflozin decreased the expression of inflammatory cytokines and reactive oxygen species and increased the expressions of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor, and heme oxygenase 1. These results demonstrated that dapagliflozin can attenuate LPS-induced endotoxic shock associated with AKI; this was possibly mediated by activation of the AMPK pathway.     

Endemic Norovirus Infections in Children,Ho Chi Minh City,Vietnam, 2009–2010

We performed a case–control investigation to identify risk factors for norovirus infections among children in Vietnam. Of samples from 1,419 children who had diarrhea and 609 who were asymptomatic, 20.6% and 2.8%, respectively, were norovirus positive. Risk factors included residential crowding and symptomatic contacts, indicating person-to-person transmission of norovirus.     

Detraditionalisation and attitudes to sex outside marriage in China

China has undergone massive socio-economic change over the past 30 years. In parallel, there have been huge changes in social and sexual mores. Until the end of the Mao era strict norms prevailed, with sex outside marriage widely regarded as immoral and unacceptable. Detraditionalisation theory describes the abandonment or reconfiguration of the socio-cultural traditions and has been explored widely in Western settings. This study aimed to explore its relevance for China through exploring attitudes towards premarital sex, extramarital sex, same-sex relations and sex work. We conducted semi-structured interviews with 212 men and women aged 18 to 39 in urban and rural areas of three provinces: Zhejiang, Guizhou and Yunnan. Analysis identified emerging themes. Results show varying degrees of acceptance of the four sexual behaviours, with premarital sex seen as common, homosexuality still regarded as unacceptable by the majority but considerable acceptance of commercial sex work as part of male business transactions and social life. China appears to be on a pathway of detraditionalisation with specific Chinese features. This study suggests that the concept of detraditionalisation applies well to non-Western contexts, but the path it takes is culture-specific and relatively unpredictable.