Failure of genetically selected miniature swine to model NIDDM

Ten young adult miniature swine from a line reported to be genetically selected for glucose intolerance and eight normal controls were obtained from Colorado State University. They were consecutively exposed to 4 mo of a high-fiber, low-fat standard swine diet; 4 mo of a high-sucrose, high-fat, low-fiber diabetogenic diet; and 4 mo of excess diabetogenic diet for obesification. Results of oral glucose tolerance and intravenous insulin tolerance tests conducted at the end of each regimen were compared. Hyperglycemia was not observed in any animals after any manipulation. Insulin sensitivity was also not influenced by diet. We conclude that F7 low-K miniature swine from this colony fail to model human non-insulin-dependent diabetes.     

Serum protein electrophoresis patterns in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Clinical and epidemiologic correlations

Serum protein electrophoresis (SPEP) data obtained at diagnosis were available for 98 of 342 patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) identified in a population-based case-control epidemiologic study. Patients tested with SPEP at diagnosis were significantly younger, more likely to have lymphadenopathy, and more likely to have had their conditions diagnosed at a university hospital than those not tested. Four categories of electrophoretic patterns were identified: normal (N = 56), hypogammaglobulinemia (N = 28), hypergammaglobulinemia (N = 11), and monoclonal gammopathy (N = 3). A higher proportion of those with hypergammaglobulinemia were black, and patients with hypergammaglobulinemia and monoclonal gammopathy were more likely to die within the first year following diagnosis than patients in the other SPEP groups. No association was found, however, between SPEP pattern and a clinical staging classification for CLL. These findings suggest that SPEP may be a useful adjunct in categorizing possible subtypes of CLL and developing future clinical staging classifications.     

Exercise improves cognition and hippocampal plasticity in APOE ε4 mice

BackgroundHuman studies on exercise, cognition, and apolipoprotein E (APOE) genotype show that ε4 carriers may benefit from regular physical activity.MethodsWe examined voluntary wheel-running, memory, and hippocampal plasticity in APOE ε3 and APOE ε4 transgenic mice at 10–12 months of age.ResultsSedentary ε4 mice exhibited deficits in cognition on the radial-arm water maze (RAWM), a task dependent on the hippocampus. Six weeks of wheel-running in ε4 mice resulted in improvements on the RAWM to the level of ε3 mice. Hippocampal brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels were similar in ε3 and ε4 mice, and after exercise BDNF was similarly increased in both ε3 and ε4 mice. In sedentary ε4 mice, tyrosine kinase B (Trk B) receptors were reduced by 50%. Exercise restored Trk B in ε4 mice to the level of ε3 mice, and in ε4 mice, exercise dramatically increased synaptophysin, a marker of synaptic function.ConclusionsOur results support the hypothesis that exercise can improve cognitive function, particularly in ε4 carriers.     

Autologous haematopoietic stem-cell transplantation in multiple sclerosis: benefits and risks

Autologous haematopoietic stem-cell transplantation has been evaluated over the last years as a possible new therapeutic strategy in severe forms of multiple sclerosis unresponsive to the approved therapies. Up to now, more than 400 patients have been treated and numerous are the phase I and phase II studies which addressed the feasibility of this treatment, the efficacy, side effects and transplant-related mortality. The clinical response is strongly related to the intensity of the conditioning regimen utilized as well as to the phase of the disease course in which the therapy is carried out. Rapidly evolving multiple sclerosis with a relapsing–remitting clinical course and MRI signs of activity are the cases that can take more advantage. The risk of mortality, which dropped in the last years to 2–3%, is still the main problem of this powerful therapy.