The liver in infectious mononucleosis

Summary 1. Twenty-two patients with infectious mononucleosis were studied by liver biopsy and paper electrophoresis of the serum proteins. The findings were compared with a similar group of 30 patients with infectious hepatitis.2. The essential histologic features of infectious mononucleosis were the presence in the hepatic sinusoids and portal tracts of chronic inflammatory cells resembling small lymphocytes, with essentially no parenchymal cell damage. Admixed with this lymphocytic infiltrate, but in relatively minimal numbers, were a few plasma cells and polymorphonuclear leukocytes. In addition, in infectious mononucleosis there were, with rare exceptions, no lipochrome-containing Kupffer cells. Thus, in the majority of cases, the histologic picture was distinct from that seen in infectious hepatitis. Only in comparing a few of the more severe infectious mononucleosis cases with subsiding infectious hepatitis cases was there any tendency for the two pictures to merge, and the distinction on histologic grounds between the two entities could be made in the great majority of cases.3. The most commonly seen abnormalities in the paper electrophoretic patterns of sera obtained from patients with infectious mononucleosis were decreased albumin, increased gamma globulin, not infrequent but variable changes in alpha₂ globulin, and the presence of abnormal proteins migrating with mobilities intermediate to alpha₂ and beta, and beta and gamma globulins. The abnormalities observed in infectious hepatitis were similar to those of infectious mononucleosis, except that in hepatitis alpha₂ globulin was decreased more consistently, gamma globulin increased less frequently, and beta globulin, which was normal in practically all the cases of infectious mononucleosis, was increased in a considerable number of cases.4. Treatment of patients with infectious mononucleosis need not include prolonged bed rest and restriction of activity in an effort to avoid the development of chronic liver disease.     

Common sense in the treatment of pilonidal disease

Summary The management of pilonidal cyst disease in a large military hospital is described. Of special interest to the military practice is the “buddy” system, in which patients help one another to keep their wounds clean and dry. The specific objectives of our technic are: 1) obtaining excellent hemostasis by the use of zinc peroxide paste; 2) avoiding recurrences by an open-wound method of treatment; 3) preservation of a pad of subcutaneous tissue over the postsacral fascia, thus reducing long-term morbidity by insuring a mobile scar; 4) decreasing the duration of hospitalization, achieved by frequently drying the wounds with warm air. Read at the meeting of the American Proctologic Society, Hollywood, Florida, April 12 to 16, 1970. The opinions or assertions contained herein are those of the authors and are not to be construed as official or as reflecting the views of the Navy Department.     

Feasibility of using interpolated contours of targets and organs at risk in intensity‐modulated radiation therapy treatment planning for advanced‐stage nasopharyngeal carcinoma

To assess the dosimetric effect of using interpolated contours in planning intensity‐modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) for advanced T‐stage nasopharyngeal carcinoma. The present study focused on T3–T4 tumours where the proximity of targets to neurological organs poses a stringent test on the feasibility of such an approach. Contours of targets and organs were delineated on CT images of 2.5‐mm interval and a reference IMRT plan was generated. An investigative (INV) IMRT plan was then generated with the same planning protocol, but based on interpolated contours that replaced deleted contours on alternate slices. The reference and INV plans were compared. Regarding target coverage, all targets in the INV plans met the acceptance criteria except for the PTV in one case. Regarding organs, the mean dose to 1% volume of the brainstem and spinal cord in the INV plans were kept below their dose limits. No significant differences in the mean doses to others organs were found. Satisfactory target coverage and protection of critical organs to a degree similar to full‐scale contouring could be achieved with use of interpolated contours. The saving in manpower time for contouring is expected to significantly improve the throughput of the IMRT planning process.     

Methotrexate-induced erythema multiforme

The folic acid antagonist, methotrexate, has many applications in the treatment of neoplastic disease. While methotrexate produces several well-recognized toxic effects, cutaneous reactions are rare. A patient who developed classical erythema multiforme while receiving low-dose methotrexate as treatment of nonmetastatic gestational trophoblastic neoplasia is presented. Erythema multiforme has been associated with a variety of pharmacologic agents. It typically presents as a pruritic papular dermatitis of the extensor surfaces of the extremities and may require multiple skin biopsies to establish the diagnosis. Spontaneous reversal usually occurs with discontinuation of therapy. Patients developing erythema multiforme related to antineoplastic agents should be switched to an alternate regimen.     

Autopsies of sudden infant death syndrome—classification and epidemiology

An enquiry into sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) in 1987 furnished us with detailed epidemiological data for 281 cases that underwent a thorough post-mortem examination. This analysis uses these data to evaluate the role the autopsy plays in explaining sudden death. The cases were classified into three diagnostic groups: explained causes of death (group 1), unexplained deaths with anomalies (group 2), and no anomaly (group 3). These 281 cases show the three essential features that characterize SIDS: over-representation of males, increased deaths during the second and third months of life, and increased deaths during winter. The autopsy examination revealed that many of these deaths had a medical explanation. Almost half were assigned to group 1. At the time of autopsy, no precise pathology could be diagnosed for 147 deaths; of these, 140 showed histological anomalies. There were only seven sudden deaths for which no abnormal sign was evident at the autopsy. These results are compared with those of similar studies and discussed in connection with three factors: the initial selection of cases, the nature and degree of the investigations, and the possible interpretations of the symptoms uncovered.     

DNA testing for fragile X syndrome in schools for learning difficulties

Fragile X syndrome is the most common inherited cause of mental retardation. Early diagnosis is important not only for appropriate management of individuals but also to identify carriers who are unaware of their high risk of having an affected child. The disorder is associated with a cytogenetically visible fragile site (FRAXA) at Xq27.3, caused by amplification of a (CGG)n repeat sequence within the gene at this locus designated FMR1. Clinical and molecular studies have been undertaken to screen for fragile X syndrome in 154 children with moderate and severe learning difficulties of previously unknown origin. Southern blot analysis of peripheral blood showed the characteristic abnormally large (CGG)n repeat sequence associated with fragile X syndrome in four of the 154 children. The findings were confirmed by cytogenetic observation of the fragile site and by further molecular studies. The families of the affected children were offered genetic counselling and DNA tests to determine their carrier status. These findings show that there are still unrecognised cases of fragile X syndrome. Given the difficulty of making a clinical diagnosis and the implications for families when the diagnosis is missed, screening in high risk populations may be justified. The issues involved in screening all children in special schools for fragile X syndrome are discussed.     

Does age at the start of breast feeding influence infantile diarrhoea morbidity? A case–control study in periurban Guinea–Bissau

Colostrum protects the newborn from intestinal infection by its content of secretory immunoglobulin A and other immediately acting factors. It may also induce maturation of the child's gastrointestinal immune defences, thus contributing to the protection against diarrhoeal disease later in infancy. To test this hypothesis, a case–control study on breast feeding and diarrhoea was carried out in a periurban community in Guinea–Bissau. The child's age at the start of breast feeding was ascertained soon after birth ( n = 279). Subsequent cases of acute diarrhoea ( n = 66) were identified at 3–monthly examinations, and four concurrent controls were randomly selected among attendants. Three separate estimates of association showed that the cases tended to have started breast feeding later after birth than the diarrhoea–free controls, but no single test was statistically significant. Early breast feeding might have consequences for diarrhoeal morbidity after the neonatal period.