<Emphasis Type="Italic">Cosmocerca kalesari</Emphasis> sp. nov. (Nematoda,Cosmocercidae) in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Euphlyctis cyanophlyctis</Emphasis> (Amphibia,Anura) from Kalesar Wildlife Sanctuary,Haryana, India

Cosmocerca kalesari sp. nov. from the large intestine of frogs, Euphlyctis cyanophlyctis, collected in the Kalesar Wildlife Sanctuary, India is described and photomicrographed. It is most similar to those species bearing 5 pairs of plectanes, i.e., C. acanthurum, C. banyulensis, C. cruzi, C. japonica, C. ornata, C. novaeguineae, C. paraguayensis, C. parva, C. podicipinus and C. travassosi, but differs from these species with the exception of C. cruzi and C. japonica in the length of spicules and length of gubernaculum. The new species can be separated from C. cruzi and C. japonica by the arrangement of postanal mammiliform papillae: 6 postanal pairs in C. kalesari sp. nov.; 4 postanal pairs in C. cruzi; no postanal mammiliform papillae in C. japonica. Cosmocerca kalesari sp. nov. represents the 25th species assigned to the genus, but only the second species from the Oriental region.     

Morphological study in Hyrtl's anastomosis of umbilical arteries in pregnancy-induced hypertension

Introduction: The anatomic structure of Hyrtl's anastomosis is of a large variability. The aim of this study is to investigate the occurrence and types of the anastomoses in the umbilical arteries of pregnancy-induced hypertension. Anastomosis between the two umbilical arteries has been described earlier but no comparative morphology between the normotensive and pregnancy-induced hypertension has been carried out. Method: A routine dissection method has been performed to demonstrate the occurrence of the anastomosis. Result: In an attempt to verify the presence and type of Hyrtl anastomosis, 34 transverse type and 22 oblique were more common. A significant difference was observed between the normotensive and pregnancy-induced hypertension cases, whereas the transverse type of anastomosis was mostly observed in pregnancy-induced hypertension.     

Is chronic migraine one end of a spectrum of migraine or a separate entity?

Chronic migraine is associated with abnormalities in the periaqueductal grey that may be progressive. The condition is also associated with a greater degree of impairment in cortical processing of sensory stimuli than episodic migraine, perhaps due to more pervasive or persistent cortical hyperexcitability. These findings fit with the model of migraine as a spectrum disorder, in which the clinical and pathophysiological features may progress over time. This progression may result from changes in nociceptive thresholds and ensuing central sensitization caused by recurrent migraine in susceptible individuals. This may lead to changes in baseline neurological function between headaches, evident not only in electrophysiological and functional imaging studies, but also as psychological and somatic complaints that occur after years of episodic migraine. From current research and migraine models, a conceptualization of chronic migraine is emerging in which relatively permanent and pervasive central changes have occurred that warrant novel and tolerable treatments.     

Peak expiratory flow in healthy Turkish children

This study was conducted on 1359 healthy, non-smoking Turkish children (727M, 632F) with a mean age of 11.7 ± 3.4 (6–17) years, in order to determine the normal values of peak expiratory flow (PEF) in Turkish children and to compare various peak-flow meters (PEFMs). PEF values increased with age and height in boys and girls. The relative increase in boys was significantly higher at puberty (p < 0.01). The values of Turkish children were found to be similar to those of Europeans. The results obtained from the three PEFMs were closely correlated.