Physiologic and behavioral responses to stress,temperament, and incidence of infection and atopic disorders in the first year of life: a pilot study

The purpose of this pilot study was to explore relationships among physiologic and behavioral responses to a standardized stressor (routine immunization), parent-reported temperament, and numbers of infections and atopic disorders in the first year of life. Infants were studied during 2- (n = 30) and 4-month (n = 24) routine clinic visits. Behavioral data were coded from videotapes filmed for 90 seconds after immunizations. Salivary cortisol measured physiologic arousal; specimens were obtained before and after immunizations. Two-month-old infants with higher levels of cortisol required more time to calm after immunization. Relationships were found between the temperament characteristics of persistence and adaptability and infections at 12 months.     

Digoxin in heart failure

Digoxin is an agent with a long history of use in the management of heart failure; its benefits have just been quantified in recent years. It has long been known that digoxin provides a small amount of inotropic augmentation; however, it is now realized that digoxin also modulates the neurohormonal activation that occurs in heart failure. Although long-term therapy with digoxin does not decrease mortality, it does provide clinical benefit in terms of improved exercise tolerance and decreased hospitalizations across all severities of heart failure. Serum concentrations of digoxin associated with clinical benefits are lower than previously recognized (0.8-1.0 ng/mL). Digoxin toxicity can be easily avoided by maintaining these relatively low serum concentrations, avoiding and aggressively treating hypokalemia, and being mindful of poor renal function and drug interactions that may result in digoxin accumulation.     

Pre‐transplant phospholipase A2 receptor autoantibody concentration is associated with clinically significant recurrence of membranous nephropathy post‐kidney transplantation

Previous studies that have assessed the association of pre‐transplant antiphospholipase A2 receptor autoantibody (PLA2R‐Ab) concentration with a recurrence of membranous nephropathy (rMN) post‐kidney transplant have yielded variable results. We tested 16 consecutive transplant patients with a history of iMN for pre‐transplant PLA2R‐Ab. Enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay titers (Euroimmun, NJ, USA) >14 RU/mL were considered positive. A receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was performed after combining data from Quintana et al. (n = 21; Transplantation February 2015) to determine a PLA2R‐Ab concentration which could predict rMN. Six of 16 (37%) patients had biopsy‐proven rMN at a median of 3.2 yr post‐transplant. Of these, five of six (83%) had a positive PLA2R‐Ab pre‐transplant with a median of 82 RU/mL (range = 31–1500). The only patient who had rMN with negative PLA2R‐Ab was later diagnosed with B‐cell lymphoma. One hundred percent (n = 10) of patients with no evidence of rMN (median follow‐up = five yr) had negative pre‐transplant PLA2R‐Ab. In a combined ROC analysis (n = 37), a pre‐transplant PLA2R‐Ab > 29 RU/mL predicted rMN with a sensitivity of 85% and a specificity of 92%. Pre‐transplant PLA2R‐Ab could be a useful tool for the prediction of rMN. Patients with rMN in the absence of PLA2R‐Ab should be screened for occult malignancy and/or alternate antigens.     

Mycophenolate mofetil in steroid-dependent idiopathic nephrotic syndrome

Background

Prospective studies have established the mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) efficiency in childhood idiopathic nephrotic syndrome (INS) but reports on the long-term outcome are lacking. Moreover, the search for factors influencing its efficiency would be useful to define its place among the other treatments.

Methods

We performed a monocentric retrospective study including 96 children with steroid-dependent INS followed for 4.7 years (median) (IQ 3–6) after the onset of MMF treatment. The characteristics of responder patients (n?=?74), as defined by a 50 % decrease of relapse rate and/or a 60 % decrease of steroid dose, and of non-responder patients (n?=?22) were compared by univariate analysis and multivariate logistic regression.

Results

Withdrawal of prednisone was achieved in 48/96 patients after a median duration of 18.1 months (IQ 7.8–30.0) of MMF. Only 26/48 patients did not relapse under MMF alone. After MMF was stopped in these patients, only six remained in remission without any treatment at last follow-up. Responders had a shorter time to remission at the first flare (9.5 vs. 15 days, p?=?0.02), a shorter disease duration prior to the onset of MMF (22.2 vs. 94.5 months, p?=?0.001), and were younger at the MMF initiation (6.7 vs. 10.1 years, p?=?0.02) than non-responder patients. The age of MMF initiation was an independent factor associated with efficiency (OR?=?0.80, 95 % CI [0.69, 0.93], p?<?0.01).

Conclusions

MMF is more efficient in young patients treated early in the disease course. Nevertheless, MMF has no remnant effect while nearly all patients relapsed after withdrawal of the drug.

     

The ethics of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in brain‐dead potential organ donors

Organ‐preserving extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (OP‐ECMO) is defined as the use of extracorporeal support for the primary purpose of preserving organs for transplantation, rather than to save the patient's life. This paper discusses the ethics of using OP‐ECMO in donation after brain determination of death (DBDD) to avoid the loss of organs for transplantation. We review case reports in the literature and analyze the ethical issues raised. We conclude that there is little additional ethical concern in continuing OP‐ECMO in patients already on ECMO if they become brain dead. The implementation of OP‐ECMO in hemodynamically unstable brain‐dead patients is ethically permissible in certain clinical situations but requires specific consent from relatives if the patient's wish to donate is not clear. If no evidence of a patient's wish to donate is available, OP‐ECMO is not recommended. In countries with presumed consent legislation, failure to opt out should be considered as a positive wish to donate. If a patient is not‐yet brain‐dead or is undergoing testing for brain death, OP‐ECMO is not recommended. Further research on OP‐ECMO is needed to better understand the attitudes of professionals, families, and lay people to ensure agreement on key ethical issues.     

Eight‐year results of the Spiesser study,a randomized trial comparing de novo sirolimus and cyclosporine in renal transplantation

We present the results at 8 years of the Spiesser study, a randomized trial comparing de novo sirolimus and cyclosporine in kidney transplant recipients at low immunologic risk. We assessed estimated glomerular filtration (eGFR), graft, patient, and death‐censored graft survival (log‐rank compared), de novo DSA appearance, risk of malignancy, post‐transplant diabetes mellitus (PTDM), and anemia. Intent‐to‐treat and on‐treatment analyses were performed. Graft survival was similar in both groups (sirolimus: 73.3%, cyclosporine: 77.7, P = 0.574). No difference was observed between treatment groups concerning patient survival (P = 0.508) and death‐censored graft survival (P = 0.858). In conditional intent‐to‐treat analysis, mean eGFR was greater in sirolimus than in cyclosporine group (62.5 ± 27.3 ml/min vs. 47.8 ± 17.1 ml/min, P = 0.004), in particular because graft function was excellent in patients maintained under sirolimus (eGFR = 74.0 ml/min). Importantly, no detrimental impact was observed in patients in whom sirolimus has been withdrawn (eGFR = 49.5 ml/min). Overall, 17 patients showed de novo DSAs, with no difference between the two groups (P = 0.520). Malignancy did not differ by treatment. An initial maintenance regimen based on sirolimus provides a long‐term improvement in renal function for kidney transplant patients, especially for those maintained on sirolimus.     

Titanium scaffold osteogenesis in healthy and osteoporotic rats is improved by the use of low-level laser therapy (GaAlAs)

The present study aimed to assess the effects of low-level laser therapy (GaAlAs) on the bone repair process within titanium scaffolds in the femurs of healthy and osteoporotic rats. Fifty-six rats were divided into four groups: group Sh: SHAM animals that received scaffolds; group LSh: SHAM animals that received scaffolds and were subjected to laser therapy; group OV: ovarietomized (OVX) animals that received scaffolds; and group LOV: OVX animals that received scaffolds and were subjected to laser therapy. Thirty days following ovariectomy or sham surgery, scaffolds were implanted in the left femurs of all animals in the study. Immediately after opening the surgical site, the inner part of the surgical cavity was stimulated with low-level laser (GaAlAs). In addition to this procedure, the laser group was also subjected to sessions of low-level laser therapy (LLLT) at 48-h intervals, with the first session performed immediately after surgery. The rats were sacrificed at 2 and 6 weeks, time in which femur fragments were submitted for histological and histomorphometric examination, and skin tissue above the scaffold was submitted to histological analysis. At the end of the study, greater bone formation was observed in the animals submitted to LLLT. At 2 and 6 weeks, statistically significant differences were observed between LSh and Sh groups (p?=?0.009 and 0.0001) and LOV and OV (p?=?0.0001 and 0.0001), respectively. No statistical difference was observed when assessing the estrogen variable. On the basis of our methodology and results, we conclude that LLLT improves and accelerates bone repair within titanium scaffolds in both ovariectomized and healthy rats, when compared to animals not subjected to radiation.