Use of a geographic information system to track smelter-related lead exposures in children: North Lake Macquarie, Australia, 1991–2002

Background  

To determine patterns of childhood lead exposure in a community living near a lead and zinc smelter in North Lake Macquarie, Australia between 1991 and 2002.     

Estimated causes of death in Thailand, 2005: implications for health policy

Background  

Almost 400,000 deaths are registered each year in Thailand. Their value for public health policy and planning is greatly diminished by incomplete registration of deaths and by concerns about the quality of cause-of-death information. This arises from misclassification of specified causes of death, particularly in hospitals, as well as from extensive use of ill-defined and vague codes to attribute the underlying cause of death. Detailed investigations of a sample of deaths in and out of hospital were carried out to identify misclassification of causes and thus derive a best estimate of national mortality patterns by age, sex, and cause of death.     

Further evidence of dopamine transporter dysregulation in ADHD: a controlled PET imaging study using altropane.

BACKGROUND: The dopamine transporter (DAT) is known to be a key regulator of dopamine, and recent studies of genetics, treatment, and imaging have highlighted the role of DAT in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The findings of in vivo neuroimaging of DAT in ADHD have been somewhat discrepant, however. METHOD: Dopamine transporter binding was measured using a highly selective ligand (C-11 altropane) and positron emission tomography (PET). The sample consisted of 47 well-characterized, treatment-na?ve, nonsmoking, non-comorbid adults with and without ADHD. Additionally, control subjects had few symptoms of ADHD. RESULTS: Results showed significantly increased DAT binding in the right caudate in adults with ADHD compared with matched control subjects without this disorder. CONCLUSIONS: These results confirm abnormal DAT binding in the striatum of adults with ADHD and provide further support that dysregulation of DAT may be an important component of the pathophysiology of ADHD.     

Baseline characteristics and treatment preferences of oral surgery patients.

PURPOSE: Patient preferences for treatment choices may depend on patient characteristics. Using standard gamble (SG) and willingness to pay (WTP), this study compares preferences for treatment of mandibular fracture among patients in a low-income urban area. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Surveys of African-American and Hispanic adults receiving treatment at King/Drew Medical Center for either mandibular fracture (n = 98) or third molar removal (n = 105) were used to investigate differences in patient characteristics across treatment groups (third molar vs fracture) and treatment preference (wiring vs surgery). RESULTS: The fracture patients were willing to pay more to restore function without scarring or nerve damage than were the third molar patients. Patients who chose surgery were willing to accept a greater risk of possible nerve damage or scarring than those who chose wiring. Among 15 potential predictors of SG and WTP studied in 4 subgroups defined by actual treatment and treatment preference, significant predictors varied, with associations for education and clinical experience for SG and associations with income and psychosocial predictors for WTP. CONCLUSIONS: SG and WTP capture different domains of health values in patients. There is considerable heterogeneity in relationships among patient characteristics and patient preferences across subgroups defined by actual treatment and treatment preferences.     

Dorsal nasal reconstruction using bone harvested from the mandible.

PURPOSE: This article describes a technique for reconstructing nasal deformities resulting from trauma. Bone harvested from the lateral ramus/body of the mandible is used to provide nasal support for major nasal deformities. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Ten patients underwent repair of their nasal deformities with an autogenous bone graft harvested from the mandible. Primary bone grafting was used to repair a nasal deformity associated with a naso-orbito-ethmoidal fracture in 8 patients. Secondarily, 2 patients underwent placement of a graft for correction of a saddle nose deformity. RESULTS: All patients achieved aesthetic results. There was maintenance of nasal projection and symmetry without displacement of the graft. None of the patients complained of an unnatural hardness of the nasal tip or dorsum. All grafts healed without evidence of infection, dehiscence, or necrosis. CONCLUSION: The lateral ramus/body of the mandible provide an excellent donor site alternative for nasal reconstruction.