Limitations of CT during PET/CT.

Our aim was to determine the diagnostic limitations of low-dose, unenhanced CT scans performed for anatomic reference and attenuation correction during PET/CT. METHODS: The Radiology Information System at our oncologic hospital was queried during the 9-mo period from July 2002 to April 2003 for patients with PET/CT scans and diagnostic enhanced CT within 2 wk of each other. One radiologist interpreted the CT portion of the PET/CT (CT(p)) unaware of the PET results and the associated enhanced diagnostic CT (CT(d)). A medical student compared this interpretation with the official report of the CT(d) and listed all discrepancies between reports. A separate radiologist compared CT(p) and CT(d) images and classified true discrepant findings as due to lack of intravenous contrast, arm-position artifact, lack of enteric contrast, low milliamperage (mA), and quality of lung images. RESULTS: Among 100 patients, the most common malignancies were lymphoma (n = 37), cancer of the colorectum (n = 31), and esophageal cancer (n = 15). Among 194 true discrepancies in which findings were missed at CT(p), causes were as follows: (a) lack of intravenous contrast (128/194, 66%), (b) arm-down artifact (17/194, 9%), (c) quality of lung images (26/194, 13%), (d) lack of enteric contrast (15/194, 8%), and (e) low mA (8/194, 4%). Discrepancies were seen most commonly in detecting lymphadenopathy and visceral metastases. CONCLUSION: Most missed findings on the unenhanced CT portion of the PET/CT scans were due to technical factors that could be altered. Discrepant findings would have led to altered management in only 2 patients, suggesting a role for limited repeat imaging to reduce radiation and use of valuable resources.     

副神经移位膈神经后膈肌运动诱发电位与病理学对照研究

[目的]探讨副神经移位膈神经重建高位颈髓损伤大鼠呼吸功能后膈肌的病理学变化及膈肌运动诱发电位(motion evoked potential,MEP)的特点。[方法]健康雄性SD大鼠60只。随机分为1～6个月6个时间组。取下颈部正中切口,将双侧副神经在锁骨下水平发出内、外侧支之前切断,移位缝接膈神经干起始部。术后第1～6个月各组样本取颈后正中切口,切除C3全椎板充分显露颈髓并于C3、4水平锐性横断。证实胫前肌MEP完全消失后,于两侧腋前线肋下缘作切口,显露该处膈肌腹腔侧。直视下将同心针电极于腋前线第9肋骨下缘垂直胸壁插入膈肌肋部,监测其MEP的变化。然后完整取出膈肌,于电子天平称重。并于右侧腋前线顺膈肌肌纤维方向切取2 mm宽肌条行HE染色。分析膈肌肌纤维截面积的变化。[结果]神经移位后随着时间延长,大鼠膈肌MEP潜伏期逐渐缩短,波幅逐渐增大。6个月组MEP波幅为(6.35±0.51)mV,潜伏期为(3.41±0.36)m s。同时,膈肌逐渐饱满,肌重逐渐恢复,6个月为正常对照组的(97.23±4.07)%。肌纤维截面积也逐渐增大,6个月组达(1 741±439)μm2为正常对照组(1 809±461)μm2的(98.28±3.65)%。6个月组的各数据与对照组比无显著差异(P>0.05)。[结论]从电生理及病理学来看副神经可作为运动神经移位膈神经重建高位颈髓损伤后呼吸功能。     

扩散张量成像和三维脑白质束示踪在多发性硬化中的临床应用

目的 探讨多发性硬化（MS）患者的MS斑块、斑块旁脑白质和T2WI上表现为正常的脑白质区（NAWM）的扩散张量成像（DTI）特点，并探讨DTI和三维脑白质束示踪技术对MS的应用价值。方法 对32例MS患者和32名与MS患者年龄性别配对的正常人进行头部DTI检查，生成表观扩散系数图（ADC）和部分各向异性图（FA），分别选取MS斑块、斑块旁脑白质区、NAWM区和对照组正常人相应脑白质区测量ADC值和FA值，并使用示踪技术做出三维脑白质束图像。结果 MS斑块、斑块旁脑白质区、NAWM区和对照组的ADC平均值分别为（1．233±0．119）、（0．973±0．098）、（0．748±0．089）×10^-3mm^2／s和（0．620±0．094）×10^-3mm^2／s，FA平均值分别为0．225±0．052、0．311±0．050、0．421±0．070和0．476±0．069。对MS斑块、斑块旁脑白质、NAWM数据进行随机区组方差分析最小显著差法检验，差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。MS斑块、斑块旁脑白质、NAWM分别和对照组配对t检验，差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。用三维脑白质束图像可以观察到MS斑块。结论 使用DTI检查生成的ADC图和FA图可以有助于评价MS中各部位脑白质的改变。通过三维脑白质束示踪图像可以立体直观地显示MS斑块区白质束的异常。     

表皮干细胞的快速高效分离

目的 寻找一种快递高效分离组织工程化皮肤种子细胞-皮肤干细胞的方法.方法 取成人手术切除之包皮,利用Ⅰ型胶原酶结合胰蛋白酶消化法,快速分离表皮干细胞,并对其进行鉴定及相关的生物学特性的研究.结果 应用Ⅰ型胶原酶结合胰蛋白酶,可在3小时内快速分离到表皮干细胞及成纤维细胞,经流式细胞仪及细胞免疫荧光鉴定,表皮细胞群体中角蛋白19(K19)阳性表达的细胞即表皮干细胞约占18%,但是其体外短期扩增仍较困难.结论 利用胶原酶消化法可在短期内高效分离到用于构建组织工程化皮肤的种子细胞,这为快速构建组织工程化皮肤提供了可能.     

驻蓉干休所师以上离休干部慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者现状调查

目的调查70岁以上老年军人慢性阻塞性疾病(COPD)患者的生活质量、病情严重程度及预防治疗情况现状。方法采用问卷调查、体格检查、实验室检查及肺功能检查相结合的方法,对定居成都市军队干休所师以上、70岁以上离休干部以往确诊为COPD、目前仍存活的330例患者进行群体调查,对已经死亡的81例进行回顾性分析。结果COPD发病率为18.9%,平均病程15年,发病年龄大多集中在50~69岁,均有吸烟史,88.8%的患者并有其他基础疾病。生活质量比较差的78例(23.6%),生活质量极差的9例(2.7%)。COPD分级,Ⅰ级(轻度)65例(19.7%),Ⅱ级(中度)166例(50.3%),Ⅲ级(重度)99例(30%)。需长期药物及家庭氧疗的39例(11.8%),需长期住院的9例(2.7%)。结论成都市70岁以上的军队离休干部的COPD发病率高于一般老年人群,吸烟是COPD的最危险因素,COPD仍然是严重影响老年人生活质量的主要疾病,注重缓解期的防治是减少反复发作、提高生活质量、保护肺功能的重要措施。     

经阴道与经腹子宫肌瘤剔除术的比较

目的探讨经阴道子宫肌瘤剔除术的可行性、安全性及临床疗效.方法对92例子宫肌瘤分别施行经阴道肌瘤剔除术(研究组,n=46)及开腹肌瘤剔除术(对照组,n=46),并对两种术式的临床疗效进行比较.结果经阴道与经腹肌瘤剔除术均获成功.手术时间研究组与对照组比较差异无显著性(t=-0.734, P=0.465);平均术中出血量、术后肛门排气时间、术后疼痛、术后病率、住院日期研究组与对照组比较差异均有显著性.结论经阴道子宫肌瘤剔除术具有创伤小、术中出血少、术后肛门排气早、疼痛轻、术后病率低及住院时间短的优点,是一种安全可行的微创手术方式.但须正确掌握适应证.     

钛合金板置入在颅骨缺损修复中的应用

目的:探讨钛合金板置入在颅骨缺损修复中的应用。方法:对12例颅骨缺损的患者先进行三维CT检查,设计个性化的钛合金板置入以修复颅骨缺损。结果:本组患者均愈合良好,无感染、钛板外露及头皮血运障碍,避免了再次手术。结论:应用钛合金板修复颅骨缺损,具有良好的生物学力度,抗击性强,并发症少,生物相容性好等优点,可获得较好的治疗效果。     

胃良性和恶性病变组织中β-半乳糖凝集素3和接骨木凝集素的表达及其临床病理意义

Objective To study the expressive levels of galectin-3(gal-3) and sambucus nigra agglutinin (SNA) and their clinicopathological significance in the benign and malignant lesions of stomach. Methods EnVisonTM immunohistochemistry for assaying gal-3 expressive level and ABC cytochemistry for determining SNA expressive level were used in conventional paraffin-embedded sections from specimens of gastric cancer(n=49), peritumoral tissues(n=20), metastastic foci of lymph nodes(n=36), and different types of benign lesions(n=80). Results The positive rates of gal-3 and SNA were significantly higher in gastric cancer tissues than those in peritumoral tissues and different types of benign lesions (P<0.05, P<0.01). The positive cases of gal-3 and/or SNA in peritumoral tissues and benign lesions showed mild- to severe-atypical hyperplasia of mucous epithelial cells. No difference was found between the primary foci and metastatic foci in gal-3 and SNA expressions (P>0.05). The positive rates of gal-3 and SNA were significantly lower in histologic grade Ⅱ, infitrating depth T1,T2 and no-metastasis of regional lymph node than those in histologic grade Ⅲ, Ⅳ, infitrating depth T3,T4 and metastasis of lymph node in gastric cancer(P<0.05). The positive rates of gal-3 and SNA were higher in lymphnede metastatic site N1 and no-metastasis of distant organs than those in lymphnede metastatic site N2, N3 and metastasis of distant organs, but no significant difference was found (P>0.05). The consistence was found between the expression of gal-3 and SNA in gastric cancer tissues (χ2=6.59,P<0.05). Conclusions The expressive levels of gal-3 and SNA may be important molecular markers of lectins for reflecting the carcinogenesis, progression and biological behaviors in gastric cancer.     

Saccular Aneurysm of the Azygos Anterior Cerebral Artery: Three Case Reports

The azygos anterior cerebral artery, a rare anomaly in the circle of Willis in which only a single vessel supplies the medial aspects of both anterior cerebral hemispheres, is closely associated with saccular aneurysms. We present three cases of azygos anterior cerebral artery aneurysms among the 781 cerebral aneurysms surgically treated at our institution in an 11-year period. These three cases all involved elderly women who presented with subarachnoid hemorrhage. Conventional cerebral angiography and CT angiography revealed small saccular aneurysms at the distal ends of the azygos anterior cerebral arteries. These aneurysms were clipped successfully using a bifrontal interhemispheric approach. Hence, the pathogenesis of these particular aneurysms relating to hemodynamic change, associated anomalies, and surgical pitfalls is discussed with review of literature.     

两法提取皮质骨Ⅰ型胶原的比较研究

[目的]通过对两种方法提取的骨胶原产量及特性的比较,推荐一种较为理想的提取皮质骨I型胶原的方法。[方法]以猪皮质骨为原料,去除软组织后劈成小骨块,经酒精梯度脱水、无水乙醚脱脂、盐酸脱钙、甲醇:氯仿(1:1,v/v)再脱脂处理后,骨块软化。然后将软化的骨块在高速粉碎机上粉碎成脱钙骨基质粉。分别采用传统的碱溶法和自建的增强酶解法对脱钙骨基质粉处理,经溶解、离心、透析、冻干等操作提取皮质骨胶原。最后对增强酶解法所得产物进行鉴定,并对两种提取方法的效率及得到的产物的外观、黏度、凝胶固化性进行比较。[结果]增强酶解法所得胶原的氨基酸组成、蛋白电泳、相对分子量大小、最大光吸收波长均符合I型胶原特征;和碱溶法比较,提取率由(57.8±4.96)%提高到(94.04±0.55)%;其相同浓度(0.03%,w/v)醋酸溶液黏度测定,增强酶解法为3.71,碱提法为2.81;在37.0℃,pH值7.35～7.45条件下行凝胶固化性检测,增强酶解法所提胶原凝胶液约10min可固化形成凝胶块,而碱提法所提胶原的溶液仍为黏性液体。[结论]增强酶解法提取的骨胶原是I型胶原;相对于碱提法,该法提取效率高,所得胶原纯度高、黏性好、固化性好,是一种较好的从猪皮质骨中制备I型胶原的方法。