全文获取类型
收费全文 | 8486篇 |
免费 | 422篇 |
国内免费 | 63篇 |
专业分类
耳鼻咽喉 | 81篇 |
儿科学 | 128篇 |
妇产科学 | 44篇 |
基础医学 | 1139篇 |
口腔科学 | 222篇 |
临床医学 | 463篇 |
内科学 | 2302篇 |
皮肤病学 | 183篇 |
神经病学 | 608篇 |
特种医学 | 308篇 |
外科学 | 1301篇 |
综合类 | 35篇 |
预防医学 | 279篇 |
眼科学 | 109篇 |
药学 | 680篇 |
中国医学 | 40篇 |
肿瘤学 | 1049篇 |
出版年
2023年 | 51篇 |
2022年 | 100篇 |
2021年 | 190篇 |
2020年 | 106篇 |
2019年 | 142篇 |
2018年 | 157篇 |
2017年 | 148篇 |
2016年 | 184篇 |
2015年 | 190篇 |
2014年 | 233篇 |
2013年 | 299篇 |
2012年 | 504篇 |
2011年 | 504篇 |
2010年 | 298篇 |
2009年 | 268篇 |
2008年 | 463篇 |
2007年 | 520篇 |
2006年 | 528篇 |
2005年 | 558篇 |
2004年 | 512篇 |
2003年 | 516篇 |
2002年 | 498篇 |
2001年 | 132篇 |
2000年 | 151篇 |
1999年 | 171篇 |
1998年 | 118篇 |
1997年 | 94篇 |
1996年 | 102篇 |
1995年 | 66篇 |
1994年 | 63篇 |
1993年 | 60篇 |
1992年 | 119篇 |
1991年 | 80篇 |
1990年 | 94篇 |
1989年 | 98篇 |
1988年 | 80篇 |
1987年 | 78篇 |
1986年 | 72篇 |
1985年 | 56篇 |
1984年 | 48篇 |
1983年 | 39篇 |
1982年 | 39篇 |
1981年 | 27篇 |
1979年 | 22篇 |
1978年 | 16篇 |
1975年 | 14篇 |
1974年 | 14篇 |
1973年 | 20篇 |
1968年 | 16篇 |
1967年 | 13篇 |
排序方式: 共有8971条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
101.
Influence of histochemical and immunohistochemical stains on polymerase chain reaction. 总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7
The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis of DNA extracted from tissue sections can be applied to a variety of research and diagnostic protocols. To analyze selectively the specific areas of tissue, a direct microdissection of histochemically or immunohistochemically stained sections, if satisfactory for PCR, is helpful. However, the influence of various staining methods on PCR has been poorly investigated. In this study, paraffin sections of formalin-fixed lymph node samples were histochemically stained with Mayer's hematoxylin, eosin Y, methyl green, or May-Grunwald solution and immunostained for CD45 using 3,3'-diaminobenzidine (DAB), DAB with cobalt ion (DAB-Co), or new fuchsin as the chromogen. In addition, unstained sections were treated with trypsin, microwave, or pressure cooker, the techniques frequently used in immunostains for antigen unmasking. DNA was extracted from each section, and the PCR efficiency in amplifying a 110 bp portion of the beta-globin gene was evaluated by two parameters: the cycle count in which the first visible band was obtained (CYCLE(min)) and the maximum amount of PCR products (CONC(max)). The hematoxylin stain showed a significantly prolonged CYCLE(min) (P < .01) and lower CONC(max) (P < .05) in comparison with unstained and untreated control sections. The May-Grunwald stain showed a prolonged CYCLE(min) (P < .01), although the CONC(max) was not significantly different from that of the control (P = .051). The eosin and methyl green stains showed no effects against PCR. In immunostains, the DAB-Co method showed a lower CONC(max) (P < .05), whereas the CYCLE(min) was not prolonged. The DAB and new fuchsin methods had no untoward effects. Antigen-unmasking treatments showed deteriorating effects on PCR. The trypsin treatment significantly prolonged the CYCLE(min) (P < .01), and the PCR amplification did not reach the "plateau" level with a maximum of 60 cycles. The PCR efficiency was worse in microwave or pressure cooker treatment, with neither CYCLE(min) nor CONC(max) being obtained. When target areas from sections for subsequent PCR amplification are microdissected, methyl green is most suitable as a dye for nuclear staining. The immunohistochemical visualization with DAB or new fuchsin yields no unfavorable effects. A successful PCR amplification may not be expected in sections that are pretreated in a microwave oven or pressure cooker. 相似文献
102.
Inhibition of passive cutaneous anaphylaxis-associated scratching behavior by mu-opioid receptor antagonists in ICR mice 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Inagaki N Nakamura N Nagao M Kawasaki H Nagai H 《International archives of allergy and immunology》2000,123(4):365-368
BACKGROUND: Itching in humans is attenuated by mu-opioid receptor antagonists. ICR mice display increases in scratching behavior upon induction of IgE-mediated passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA), or intradermal injection of compound 48/80 or histamine. METHODS: Cutaneous reactions were induced in ICR mice by IgE-mediated PCA, compound 48/80 and histamine, and the scratching behavior associated with the cutaneous reactions was evaluated. RESULTS: Naloxone and nalmefene reduced the incidence of scratching behavior associated with PCA. Naloxone also inhibited the induction of scratching behavior caused by compound 48/80 and histamine. Naloxone did not affect the increase in vascular permeability caused by PCA and injection of compound 48/80. CONCLUSION: Scratching behavior in mice may be induced by a sensation or a mechanism similar to itching in humans and should become a useful model for examining itching in humans. 相似文献
103.
Kawada T Sato T Inagaki M Shishido T Tatewaki T Yanagiya Y Zheng C Sugimachi M Sunagawa K 《The Japanese journal of physiology》2000,50(3):371-380
Although random aortic pressure (AOP) perturbation according to a binary white noise sequence enables us to estimate open-loop dynamic characteristics of the carotid sinus baroreflex under closed-loop conditions, the necessity of arterial catheter implantation limits the applicability of this method in freely moving animal experiments. Thus, we explored a closed-loop system identification method using electrical stimulation. In 6 anesthetized and vagotomized rabbits, we stimulated the aortic depressor nerve with a binary white noise sequence (0-10 Hz) under baroreflex closed-loop conditions while measuring cardiac sympathetic nerve activity (SNA) and AOP. We used a closed-loop identification method to estimate the peripheral arc transfer function from SNA to AOP. The peripheral arc transfer function approximated a second-order low-pass filter and its fitted parameters did not differ from those obtained by an open-loop identification method (dynamic gain: 1.16+/-0.32 vs. 1.02+/-0.11; natural frequency: 0.08+/-0.03 vs. 0.09+/-0.03 Hz; damping ratio: 1.53+/-0.15 vs. 1.57+/-0.21). In 6 different rabbits, we applied intermittent rapid pacing (396 beats/min) under baroreflex closed-loop conditions to estimate the neural arc transfer function from AOP to SNA. The neural arc transfer function approximated a first-order high-pass filter and its fitted parameters did not differ from those obtained by an open-loop identification method (dynamic gain: -1.15+/-0.45 vs. -1.06+/-0.05; corner frequency: 0.12+/-0.05 vs. 0.13+/-0.03 Hz). In conclusion, the closed-loop identification method using electrical stimulation is effective to estimate the neural and peripheral arc transfer functions. 相似文献
104.
Porphyromonas gingivalis Fimbriae Use β2 Integrin (CD11/CD18) on Mouse Peritoneal Macrophages as a Cellular Receptor, and the CD18 β Chain Plays a Functional Role in Fimbrial Signaling
下载免费PDF全文
![点击此处可从《Infection and immunity》网站下载免费的PDF全文](/ch/ext_images/free.gif)
Akira Takeshita Yukio Murakami Yoshinori Yamashita Masami Ishida Seiichiro Fujisawa Shigeo Kitano Shigemasa Hanazawa 《Infection and immunity》1998,66(9):4056-4060
In this study, we demonstrate that Porphyromonas gingivalis fimbriae use molecules of β2 integrin (CD11/CD18) on mouse peritoneal macrophages as cellular receptors and also show that the β chain (CD18) may play a functional role in signalling for the fimbria-induced expression of interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) genes in the cells. Using a binding assay with 125I-labeled fimbriae, we observed that fimbrial binding to the macrophages was inhibited by treatment with CD11a, CD11b, CD11c, or CD18 antibody but not by that with CD29 antibody. Western blot assays showed that the fimbriae bound to molecules of β2 integrin (CD11/CD18) on the macrophages. Furthermore, Northern blot analyses showed that the fimbria-induced expression of IL-1β and TNF-α genes in the cells was inhibited strongly by CD18 antibody treatment and slightly by CD11a, CD11b, or CD11c antibody treatment. Interestingly, intracellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1), a ligand of CD11/CD18, inhibited fimbrial binding to the cells in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, ICAM-1 clearly inhibited the fimbria-induced expression of IL-1β and TNF-α genes in the cells. However, such inhibitory action was not observed with laminin treatment. These results suggest the importance of β2 integrin (CD11/CD18) as a cellular receptor of P. gingivalis fimbriae in the initiation stage of the pathogenic mechanism of the organism in periodontal disease. 相似文献
105.
106.
Mutsuo Furihata Eiji Ido Jun Iwata Hiroshi Sonobe Yuji Ohtsuki Jun Takata Taishiro Chikamori Yoshinori Doi 《Pathology international》1998,48(3):221-224
An autopsy case of a 58-year-old woman with massive cardiac Involvement of adult T cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL) is reported. She developed cardiac failure due to aortic and mitral regurgitation with cardiac infiltration of ATLL cells, and underwent replacement of both aortic and mitral valves. Studies of the cut-surfaces revealed diffuse thickening of the subendocardial wall of the left chamber with widespread whitish-brown tumor infiltrates. In the regions surrounding the replaced aortic and mitral valves there was also massive tumor cell infiltration. The tumor cells infiltrating the cardiac muscle wall were T cell in origin and exhibited Leu-3a (CD4)-positive immunoreaction. Ultrastructurally, tumor cells contained markedly indented nuclei and some were attached directly to the muscle cells. These findings suggest that this was an unusual form of ATLL with widespread involvement of the heart. 相似文献
107.
Enkephalin-like immunoreactive (ENK-IR) neurons and fibers in the rat ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus (VMH) were examined by light and electron microscopy using the peroxidase-antiperoxidase immunocytochemistry. There were groups of ENK-IR neurons present in the ventrolateral part of the VMH, and such neurons were scattered elsewhere. These neurons had perikarya 10-25 microns in diameter with moderately developed cell organelles and enfolded nuclei that were often distributed eccentrically placed in the cell. The perikarya and dendrites contained diffuse, large-cored vesicles (LCV) (60-230 nm with a predominance in the 60-80 nm). ENK-IR neurons received synaptic inputs on the soma and dendrites from unlabeled axonal boutons containing many small, clear vesicles and occasional LCV. The ultrastructural features of the ENK-IR cells in the VMH seemed to correspond to the "common cells" described by Millhouse. Dense ENK-IR fibers were distributed in this nucleus throughout the rostrocaudal and ventrodorsal areas. Axonal boutons containing numerous small, clear vesicles, and dispersed LCV generally made synaptic contacts with the cell bodies and dendrites of unlabeled neurons. The findings suggest that opioid peptides directly influence VMH neurons through synaptic contacts. 相似文献
108.
Yoshitake Baba Shun Inagaki Sae Nakagawa Makoto Kobayashi Toshiyuki Kaneko Takanobu Takihara 《Nutrients》2021,13(5)
Matcha, a type of green tea, has a higher amino acid content than other types of tea. We previously examined the ability of matcha to improve cognitive function in older adults and determined that continuous matcha intake improves attention and executive function. This study aimed to compare the effects of matcha and caffeine and clarify the differences between these effects. The study was registered at the University Hospital Medical Information Network (UMIN000036578). The effect of single and continuous intake was compared, and the usefulness of continuous intake was evaluated under the stress condition. The Uchida–Kraepelin test (UKT) was used to induce mild acute stress, and the Cognitrax was used to evaluate cognitive function. A single dose of caffeine improved attentional function during or after stress loading. The reduced reaction time in the Cognitrax, observed following a single dose of matcha, was likely due to caffeine. The matcha group showed an increase in the amount of work after continuous intake, whereas the caffeine group only showed an increase in the amount of work for the UKT after a single dose. Ingesting matcha with caffeine improves both attention and work performance when suffering from psychological stress compared with caffeine alone. 相似文献
109.
Nobuhiro Okuno Shuhei Otsuki Jo Aoyama Kosuke Nakagawa Tomohiko Murakami Kuniaki Ikeda Yoshinobu Hirose Hitoshi Wakama Tomohiro Okayoshi Yoshinori Okamoto Yoshiaki Hirano Masashi Neo 《Journal of orthopaedic research》2021,39(1):165-176
The inner avascular zone of the meniscus has limited healing capacity as the area is poorly vascularized. Although peptide hydrogels have been reported to regenerate bone and cartilage, their effect on meniscus regeneration remains unknown. We tested whether the self‐assembling peptide hydrogel scaffold KI24RGDS stays in the meniscal lesion and facilitates meniscal repair and regeneration in an induced rabbit meniscal defect model. Full‐thickness (2.0 mm diameter) cylindrical defects were introduced into the inner avascular zones of the anterior portions of the medial menisci of rabbit knees (n = 40). Right knee defects were left empty (control group) while the left knee defects were transplanted with peptide hydrogel (KI24RGDS group). Macroscopic meniscus scores were significantly higher in the KI24RGDS group than in the control group at 2, 4, and 8 weeks after surgery. Histological examinations including quantitative and qualitative scores indicated that compared with the control group, the reparative tissue in the meniscus was significantly enhanced in the KI24RGDS group at 2, 4, 8, and 12 weeks after surgery. Immunohistochemical staining showed that the reparative tissue induced by KI24RGDS at 12 weeks postimplantation was positive for Type I and II collagen. KI24RGDS is highly biocompatible and biodegradable, with strong stiffness, and a three dimensional structure mimicking native extracellular matrix and RGDS sequences that enhance cell adhesion and proliferation. This in vivo study demonstrated that KI24RGDS remained in the meniscal lesion and facilitated the repair and regeneration in a rabbit meniscal defect model. 相似文献
110.
Kazuki Hayasaka Yui Watanabe Takashi Hirama Hisashi Oishi Masafumi Noda Hiroaki Toyama Yutaka Ejima Yoshikatsu Saiki Yoshinori Okada 《Transplantation proceedings》2021,53(4):1385-1387
Although single-lung transplant on the side with better lung function is challenging in patients with significantly asymmetrical lung function between the right and left sides, it sometimes can be a realistic option because of the recipient's condition and from the viewpoint of organ sharing. We report our experience with a successful case of single-lung transplant on the side with a pulmonary perfusion ratio of 89%. The transplant was performed with the patient under central venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation through a clamshell incision, and the patient had an acceptable short- and long-term outcome with a remarkable improvement of lung function. 相似文献