The effect of optical design on micromanipulator spot size using CO2 laser irradiation

Objective: The study goal was to compare the laser spot size created using reflective and refractive micromanipulators with a CO₂ laser and to determine the sensitivity of spot size to laser power. Study Design and Setting: A CO₂ laser and operating microscope (400-mm focal length) was coupled to either a reflective (Cassegrain-like) or refractive micromanipulator. Laser spot size was determined by measuring the region of ablation created by laser irradiation of wood (dry tongue depressors), exposed photographic film, and agar gel using optical micrometry. Laser power varied from 0.5 to 20 W with pulse durations of 0.1 and 0.5 second. Results: The reflective micromanipulator demonstrated overall smaller spot sizes for a given laser power and lower incremental change in spot size with increasing power. The reflective design demonstrated less sensitivity to increases in laser power. Conclusions: Micromanipulator optical design can result in significant differences in laser spot size. The reflective device used in this study demonstrated less sensitivity to increasing laser power. (Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2002;126:593-597.)     

单臂外固定架在多发伤救治中的应用

目的探讨单臂外固定架在严重多发创伤患者骨折早期固定中的安全性和有效性。方法2005年1月～2007年1月，按伤害控制骨科学（DCO）原则治疗伴有主要骨折的多发创伤患者34例，ISS评分平均29．4分，GCS评分平均12．5分；单发骨折24例，多发骨折10例，其中股骨骨折17处，胫腓骨14处，肱骨7处，前臂6处，复杂骨盆骨折3处。人院后均予以快速复苏，按照伤害控制性手术方案实施单臂外固定架临时固定骨折，完成复苏后行确定性的骨折内固定。结果开放性骨折平均每处骨折清创、外固定手术时间65min（30～140min），出血量185mL（70～250mL）；闭合性骨折平均每处手术时间45．8min（31～65min），出血量30mL（10～50mL）。平均间隔14．2d（5～45d）更换内固定，确定性骨折固定每处平均手术时间142min（60。171min），出血量420mL（200～490mL）。2例复苏期间死亡，1例针道感染，1例深部感染。余32例出院后均得到随访，平均随访18个月（8～32个月），骨折均获得愈合。未出现急性呼吸功能障碍、脂肪栓塞、多器官功能衰竭等严重并发症。结论单臂外固定架是一种安全、简便、有效的早期骨折固定的方法，正确运用可以控制手术规模和减少手术时间，为确定性手术创造了必备的条件。     

2005～2006年江西省血吸虫病疫情监测点螺情调查结果分析

目的分析2005～2006年江西省12个国家级血吸虫病疫情监测点螺情调查结果,掌握各监测点钉螺消长情况。方法依据《全国血吸虫病疫情监测点方案》,对各监测点钉螺孳生环境与可疑环境进行调查,比较两年的各项螺情指标。结果2006年12个监测点的有螺面积较2005年下降17.27%,但各监测点有螺面积下降幅度不相一致,有10个监测点查出有阳性钉螺分布;另外各监测点活螺密度、阳性螺密度也有较大波动。结论各监测点螺情依然严重,应加强控制钉螺的防治力度。     

应重视对2型糖尿病患者肾脏损害临床与病理相关性的研究

2007年美国肾脏病基金会(NKF)制定了糖尿病及慢性肾脏病临床实践指南[1],这是第一个针对糖尿病并发慢性肾脏病的指南,并提出了糖尿病肾脏疾病(Diabetic Kidney Disease,DKD)的概念.     

Cross-cultural invariance of the Academic Expectations Stress Inventory: Adolescent samples from Canada and Singapore

We provide further evidence for the two-factor structure of the 9-item Academic Expectations Stress Inventory (AESI) using confirmatory factor analysis on a sample of 289 Canadian adolescents and 310 Singaporean adolescents. Examination of measurement invariance tests the assumption that the model underlying a set of scores is directly comparable across groups. This study also examined the cross-cultural validity of the AESI using multigroup confirmatory factor analysis across both the Canadian and Singaporean adolescent samples. The results suggested cross-cultural invariance of form, factor loadings, and factor variances and covariances of the AESI across both samples. Evidence of AESI's convergent and discriminant validity was also reported. Findings from t-tests revealed that Singaporean adolescents reported a significantly higher level of academic stress arising from self expectations, other expectations, and overall academic stress, compared to Canadian adolescents. Also, a larger cross-cultural effect was associated with academic stress arising from other expectations compared with academic stress arising from self expectations.     

Unusual case of Klüver-Bucy syndrome in a Chinese boy.

Following an encephalopathic illness, a 13-year-old Chinese boy had a partial form of Klüver-Bucy syndrome with emotional disturbance, recent memory loss, hypersexuality, and polyphagia. Other unusual features included narcolepsy, polydipsia, and polyuria. Virologic studies failed to incriminate the etiologic agent, including herpes simplex virus. Brain biopsy of the frontal lobe demonstrated Alzheimer type II astrocytosis.     

18F-FDG PET/CT for detecting nodal metastases in patients with oral cancer staged N0 by clinical examination and CT/MRI.

(18)F-FDG PET has a high accuracy in staging head and neck cancer, but its role in patients with clinically and radiographically negative necks (N0) is less clear. In particular, the value of combined PET/CT has not been determined in this group of patients. METHODS: In a prospective study, 31 patients with oral cancer and no evidence of lymph node metastases by clinical examination or CT/MRI underwent (18)F-FDG PET/CT before elective neck dissection. PET/CT findings were recorded by neck side (left or right) and lymph node level. PET/CT findings were compared with histopathology of dissected nodes, which was the standard of reference. RESULTS: Elective neck dissections (26 unilateral, 5 bilateral; a total of 36 neck sides), involving 142 nodal levels, were performed. Only 13 of 765 dissected lymph nodes harbored metastases. Histopathology revealed nodal metastases in 9 of 36 neck sides and 9 of 142 nodal levels. PET was TP in 6 nodal levels (6 neck sides), false-negative in 3 levels (3 neck sides), true-negative in 127 levels (23 neck sides), and false-positive in 6 levels (4 neck sides). The 3 false-negative findings occurred in metastases smaller than 3 mm or because of inability to distinguish between primary tumor and adjacent metastasis. TP and false-positive nodes exhibited similar standardized uptakes (4.8 +/- 1.1 vs. 4.2 +/- 1.0; P = not significant). Sensitivity and specificity were 67% and 85% on the basis of neck sides and 67% and 95% on the basis of number of nodal levels, respectively. If a decision regarding the need for neck dissection had been based solely on PET/CT, 3 false-negative necks would have been undertreated, and 4 false-positive necks would have been overtreated. CONCLUSION: (18)F-FDG PET/CT can identify lymph node metastases in a segment of patients with oral cancer and N0 neck. A negative test can exclude metastatic deposits with high specificity. Despite reasonably high overall accuracy, however, the clinical application of PET/CT in the N0 neck may be limited by the combination of limited sensitivity for small metastatic deposits and a relatively high number of false-positive findings. The surgical management of the N0 neck should therefore not be based on PET/CT findings alone.     

内镜下热极治疗消化道疾病93例临床分析

目的:观察内镜-热极治疗胃肠息肉、慢性隆起糜烂性胃炎、非静脉曲张性上消化道出血的临床效果。方法:经内镜热极治疗胃肠息肉(47例)、慢性隆起糜烂性胃炎(12例)、非静脉曲张性上消化道出血(34例)共93例患者。根据疾病种类选择不同的温度、时间进行内镜-热极治疗。结果:47例86颗胃肠息肉和12例隆起糜烂性胃炎45颗病灶经治疗后均从局部消失。热极治疗34例上消化道出血病例,有效率为94.1%。全部病例无穿孔及其他严重并发症发生。结论:热极治疗胃肠息肉、隆起糜烂性胃炎和非静脉曲张性上消化道出血效果肯定,安全可靠。     

Endobronchial ultrasound: new insight for the diagnosis of sarcoidosis.

A diagnosis of sarcoidosis should be substantiated by pathological means in order to thoroughly exclude other diseases. The role of real-time endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle aspiration (EBUS-TBNA) in the diagnosis of sarcoidosis has not been reported. The purpose of the present study is to evaluate the diagnostic yield of EBUS-TBNA in demonstrating the pathological features of sarcoidosis. In total, 65 patients with suspected sarcoidosis, with enlarged hilar or mediastinal lymph nodes on computed tomography, were included in the study. Patients with a suspected or known malignancy or previously established diagnosis of sarcoidosis were excluded. Convex probe endobronchial ultrasonography integrated with a separate working channel was used for EBUS-TBNA. Surgical methods were performed in those in whom no granulomas were detected by EBUS-TBNA. Patients were followed up clinically. EBUS-TBNA was performed on a total of 77 lymph node stations in 65 patients. A final diagnosis of sarcoidosis was made for 61 (93.8%) of the patients. The remaining four patients were diagnosed as having Wegener's granulomatosis (n=1) or indefinite (n=3). In patients with a final diagnosis of sarcoidosis, EBUS-TBNA demonstrated noncaseating epithelioid cell granulomas in 56 (91.8%) of the patients. No complications were reported. Endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle aspiration proved to be a safe procedure with a high yield for the diagnoses of sarcoidosis.     

低潮气量治疗在机械通气肺结核术后合并呼吸衰竭患者中的应用

目的 探讨低潮气量维持通气对肺结核术后合并呼吸衰竭患者的应用价值。方法 在有效的抗结核、抗感染治疗的基础上，对32例肺结核术后合并呼吸衰竭患者进行低潮气量（6～8ml／kg）机械通气治疗，观察疗效及并发症。结果 呼吸衰竭治愈31例，死亡1例，治愈率96．9％，无明显并发症。结论 低潮气量维持通气对肺结核术后合并呼吸衰竭患者的治疗是安全的，且疗效显著。