山西省公众应对灾害事件知识与技能现况调查

目的了解山西省公众应对灾害事件的逃生及自救互救知识与技能现况,探索其影响因素。方法采用多阶段分层系统抽样方法,对山西省4个区县的城乡居民进行问卷调查,对公众应对灾害事件知识技能的影响因素进行分析。结果超过95%的被调查对象家里没有灭火器和逃生包,且没有与家人进行过逃生演练;地震、洪水、火灾等灾害事件的逃生与自救互救知识技能知晓率分别为30.2%、16.6%和29.1%,其中城市居民的知晓率高于农村居民(P0.05或P0.01);城乡、家庭人口数及是否知晓家庭应急准备四步骤是灾害事件逃生与自救互救知识技能知晓情况的影响因素。结论家庭应急准备在灾害事件应急中的重要作用被忽视,今后应加强对这方面的健康教育;灾害事件逃生与自救互救知识技能知晓率较低,有待大力推广普及。     

中医药内服外治外阴白斑临床疗效研究

目的:本文旨在探索中药内服外用治疗外阴白斑。方法:将600例患者按治疗方案不同分为三组。治疗Ⅰ组:150例,口服中药,患部中药洗剂蘸洗、自制白斑软膏涂抹;治疗Ⅱ组:185例,无口服药,其它治疗同Ⅰ组;治疗Ⅲ组:265例,单独外用白斑软膏。结果:治疗Ⅰ组痊愈68%(102例),显效26.7%(40例),有效5.3%(8例),无效0%;治疗Ⅱ组痊愈11.4%(21人),基本治愈14.1%(26例),好转63.8%(118例),无效10.8%(20例);治疗Ⅲ组痊愈1.1%(3例),显效2.6%(7例),有效46.0%(122例),无效50.2%(133例)。结论:内服中药外用中药洗剂和白斑软膏治疗外阴白斑取得明显效果。     

Exposure to Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances and Mortality in U.S. Adults: A Population-Based Cohort Study

Background: Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are widespread environmental contaminants associated with diseases such as cancer and dyslipidemia. However, few studies have investigated the association between PFAS mixture exposure and mortality in general populations.Objectives: This study aimed to explore the association between PFAS mixture, perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), and perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) and mortality in U.S. adults by a nationally representative cohort.Methods: Adults ≥18 years of age who were enrolled in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) (1999–2014) were included in our study. Baseline serum concentrations of seven PFAS were measured and individuals were followed up to 31 December 2015. Hazard ratios (HRs) and confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated using Cox proportional hazards models. Association between PFAS mixture exposure and mortality was analyzed using the k-means method by clustering PFAS mixtures into subgroups. Association between PFOA/PFOS exposure and mortality was subsequently analyzed in both continuous and categorical models.Results: During the follow-up period, 1,251 participants died. In the mixture analysis, the k-means algorithm clustered participants into low-, medium-, and high-exposure groups. Compared with the low-exposure group, participants in the high-exposure group showed significantly higher risks for all-cause mortality (HR=1.38; 95% CI: 1.07, 1.80), heart disease mortality (HR=1.58; 95% CI: 1.05, 2.51), and cancer mortality (HR=1.70; 95% CI: 1.08, 2.84). In single PFAS analysis, PFOS was found to be positively associated with all-cause mortality (third vs. first tertile HR=1.57; 95% CI: 1.22, 2.07), heart disease mortality (third vs. first tertile HR=1.65; 95% CI: 1.09, 2.57), and cancer mortality (third vs. first tertile HR=1.75; 95% CI: 1.10, 2.83), whereas PFOA exposure had no significant association with mortality. Assuming the observed association is causal, the number of deaths associated with PFOS exposure (≥17.1 vs. <7.9 ng/mL) was ∼382,000 (95% CI: 176,000, 588,000) annually between 1999 and 2015, and it decreased to 69,000 (95% CI: 28,000, 119,000) annually between 2015 and 2018. The association between PFOS and mortality was stronger among women and people without diabetes.Discussion: We observed a positive association between PFAS mixture exposure and mortality among U.S. adults. Limitations of this study include the potential for unmeasured confounding, selection bias, a relatively small number of deaths, and only measuring PFAS at one point in time. Further studies with serial measures of PFAS concentrations and longer follow-ups are necessary to elucidate the association between PFAS and mortality from specific causes. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP10393     

临床实验室信息化管理防呆机制的建立

目的构建临床实验室信息系统管理的防呆机制,实时监管实验室内各种检测流程,建立信息化监控的实验室管理模式。方法针对实验室检验流程中易发生失误的节点,建立临床实验室信息系统管理的节点防呆机制。根据样本条码的唯一性,实现样本核收、样本前处理、仪器检测与质控过程、标本外观属性甄别、检验报告审核与提交、标本检测完毕的后处理等各节点的信息化监控管理。结果实验室内检测流程信息化防呆机制的监控管理功能,可及时发现和有效控制检测流程中因失误操作而造成的过失。结论完善实验室信息化管理的防呆机制,对检测流程各节点的状态实时监控,可有效地预防失误引发的医疗投诉,对于规范检测流程和实现标准化实验室管理具有重要意义。     

孕20周内母体甲状腺功能与婴幼儿体格及神经精神发育剂量反应关系的前瞻性队列研究

目的 通过前瞻性队列研究，评价孕20周内母体甲状腺功能相关激素指标水平与新生儿出生体格和婴幼儿期神经精神发育水平之间的剂量反应关系。方法 在安徽省马鞍山市建立945名孕妇队列，留取队列孕妇血清标本，使用电化学发光免疫法检测孕妇血清甲状腺功能相关激素水平；收集孕妇的一般社会人口统计学资料，测量新生儿出生体格和婴幼儿神经精神的发育情况等。结果 孕期母体血清促甲状腺激素（TSH）水平处于不同百分段的孕妇所分娩的活产儿出生时身长和头围差异均有统计学意义（P<0.05）。孕期母体TSH水平<P₅和≥ P₉₅的新生儿出生身长和头围比母体TSH水平位于P₂₅~P₇₅的新生儿偏低，差异均有统计学意义（P<0.05）。新生儿出生头围与母体TSH-Z分呈倒"U"形分布模式（Y=33.940+0.003X-0.109X²，F=4.685，P=0.009）。孕期母体TSH水平处于不同百分段的孕妇所分娩后代在出生后18~30个月时的精神发展指数（MDI）差异有统计学意义（P<0.05），孕期母体TSH水平≥ P₉₀的婴儿MDI评价水平比母体TSH水平P₂₅~P₇₅的婴儿低6.39分（95% CI：2.29~10.49；P=0.002）。婴幼儿18~30个月时MDI与母体TSH-Z分亦呈倒"U"形分布模式（Y=103.249-1.524X-0.939X²，F=6.616，P=0.001）。结论 孕妇血清TSH水平与新生儿出生时身长、头围，以及婴幼儿18~30个月时MDI关系密切；孕期母体TSH-Z分与新生儿头围和婴幼儿18~30个月时MDI均呈现倒"U"形的分布模式。     

射波刀治疗床修正值对六维颅骨追踪总体精度的影响

目的:探讨射波刀治疗床可修正值与六维颅骨(6D Skull)靶区追踪总体精度的关系.方法:通过影像引导将治疗床移至所需修正位置进行6D Skull球方模型定位精度测试,将测试结果与修正值为0相比较及分析.结果:治疗床3个平移方向修正值为0、3、6、10 mm,靶区追踪总体精度分别为0.23、0.32、0.53、0.55 mm;治疗床3个旋转方向修正值为(0.3、0.3、1°)、(0.6、0.6、2.)、(1、1、3°),靶区追踪总体精度分别为0.12、0.99、0.78 mm;治疗床3个平移方向和3个旋转方向修正值为(3、3、3 mm,0.3、0.3、1°)、(6、6、6mm,0.6、0.6、2°)、(10、10、10 mm,1、1、3°),靶区追踪总体精度分别为0.08、0.8、1.4 mm.结论:射波刀6D Skull靶区追踪总体精度随着治疗床3个平移方向或(和)3个旋转方向修正值的增加而增大,日常治疗摆位时应尽可能地减小治疗床的修正值.     

国际全科医生制度发展历程:影响因素分析及政策启示

全科医生制度建设的国际经验可以为中国全科医生制度的建立和发展提供借鉴。本文首先梳理了国民健康服务体制、社会医疗保险体制、商业医疗保险体制等部分典型国家的全科医生制度发展历程,重点分析了全科医生制度建设的影响因素。结果发现,建立和发展全科医生制度的主要影响因素有:经济社会因素、卫生保健体制对卫生体系的控制力、医师对卫生体系的控制力、全科医学服务的激励机制、全科医学的发展程度等。最后,结合近年我国全科医生制度建设的实际提出几点政策启示,一要以满足我国公众健康需求为目标,构建中国特色全科医生制度;二要普及全科医学服务核心价值,为建立全科医生制度提供公众民意基础;三要建立健全促进全科医生制度发展的激励机制,提高全科医生地位;四要积极推动全科与专科医学的专业分工,促进全科医学发展。     

大学生抑郁障碍与父母教养方式的关系

目的探讨父母教养方式和生活事件与大学生抑郁障碍的关系,为家庭教育提供指导。方法应用父母教养方式评价量表(EMBU)与青少年生活事件量表(ASLEC)对30名患抑郁障碍的大学生和30名正常对照进行调查。结果两组学生在生活事件量表总分;父母情感温暖、理解;惩罚、严厉;拒绝、否认;过度保护等方面有显著性差异,患者组母亲还表现出较强的过分干涉(P<0.05)。结论父母教养方式影响着大学生的情绪和对生活事件的态度,不良的教养方式会增加大学生发生抑郁障碍的可能。     

Arthroscopic Modified Double‐Row Biceps Tenodesis versus Labral Repair for the Treatment of Isolated Type II SLAP Lesions in Non‐Overhead Athletes

ObjectiveTo evaluate the postoperative efficacy and the clinical outcomes of arthroscopic modified double‐row biceps tenodesis versus labral repair.MethodsA retrospective study was conducted in 56 patients with isolated type II superior labrum anterior and posterior (SLAP) lesions from March 2015 to November 2018. Thirty patients (male:female = 17:13) were treated with labral repair, and 26 patients (male:female = 15:11) were treated with modified double‐row biceps tenodesis. The average age of the labral repair group and the modified double‐row biceps tenodesis group were 42.8 ± 10.6 and 40.9 ± 10.2 years, respectively. Pre‐ and postoperative assessments with the visual analog scale (VAS), University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), and American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons (ASES) scores were compared between the two treatment groups. Additional outcome measures included patient satisfaction, the time to return to previous activities, workers'' compensation status, and postoperative complications.ResultsAt a 2‐year follow‐up, the tenodesis group showed significant differences in postoperative VAS (1.5 to 1.8, respectively; p = 0.008), patient satisfaction (92.3% vs. 46.7%, p < 0.001), and recovery time to return to their previous activities (6.8 ± 1.8 vs. 8.1 ± 1.5, p = 0.007) compared to the labral repair group; however, there was no significant difference in postoperative ASES and UCLA scores between the two groups. Additionally, one patient in the tenodesis group developed persistent postoperative stiffness, which was resolved by conservative treatment. In the labral repair group, two patients presented with persistent postoperative night pain, three developed persistent postoperative stiffness, and two required a subsequent capsular release.ConclusionsCompared with the labral repair group, the arthroscopic modified double‐row biceps tenodesis showed more encouraging postoperative pain reduction, earlier recovery to previous activities, and higher patient satisfaction.