A pilot, two-year longitudinal study of the interrelationship between trabecular bone and articular cartilage in the osteoarthritic knee

OBJECTIVE: To examine the relationship between structural changes of trabecular bone and cartilage, in patients with varying degrees of osteoarthritis (OA) over 2 years, using magnetic resonance imaging. METHODS: High-resolution, axial images were acquired for assessing trabecular bone structure, using a 3-D fast gradient-echo sequence. High-resolution, fat-suppressed, sagittal images were acquired for assessing cartilage structure, using a 3-D spoiled gradient-echo sequence. In a subset of the patients, sagittal images were acquired for measuring T(2) relaxation time, using a 2-D dual-echo spin echo sequence. RESULTS: A large variation in bone and cartilage parameters is evident among individual subjects in each group, however, group-specific means demonstrate decreasing trends (in bone and cartilage parameters) in osteoarthritic subjects (especially in mild OA subjects). The mean T(2) increased significantly (P<0.05) between the baseline and follow-up exams for all cartilage compartments except the lateral tibia. A positive relationship was established between cartilage changes and localized bone changes closest to the joint line, while a negative relationship was established between cartilage changes and global bone changes farthest from the joint line. CONCLUSION: This study quantifies the changes in bone and cartilage structural parameters over time, and demonstrates a longitudinal relationship between the morphological changes in bone and cartilage structure in patients with varying degrees of OA. Although a large variation of bone and cartilage changes is apparent among subjects, significant trends are evident in a relatively small sample size, with a short follow-up duration.     

搜索引擎的渐增式爬行和备份式更新模式

介绍了搜索引擎的总体结构,分析了搜索引擎中爬行器的爬行策略和网页库的更新模式。介绍了其中一种较为合理的爬行和更新模式及其实现技术,实现了渐增式地爬行高质量网页和提高网页库新鲜度的目的。     

IL-1,IL-10及TNF-α在活动性幼年特发性关节炎患者的表达及意义

目的:测定各型活动性幼年特发性关节炎(JIA)患儿血清中IL-1、IL-10、TNF-α水平,探讨其与疾病活动、疾病分型以及疾病严重程度的关系。方法:用放射免疫法(RIA)检测IL-1、IL-10、TNF-α水平。结果:30例JIA患者血清中IL-1、TNF-α水平明显高于健康对照组(P<0.001或P<0.01);并与血沉(ESR)、C-反应蛋白(CRP)呈正相关(P<0.001);而与关节肿胀指数、夜间痛及X线分级无关。30例JIA患者血清中IL-10与健康对照组之间相比无统计学意义,并与上述所有观察指标无相关关系。结论:JIA患者血清中IL-1、TNF-α水平显著升高,可能参与了JIA的发病过程,可与ESR、CRP一起作为判断病情活动性的指标,但与疾病严重程度无关,与JIA分型无关。IL-10可能是一种抑炎因子,有抑制关节骨质破坏的作用,针对IL-10的基因及受体治疗可作为控制关节炎症的保护性手段。     

Acinar cell carcinoma of the pancreas

Acinar cell carcinoma of the pancreas is a rare tumor which is defined as a carcinoma that exhibits pancreatic enzyme production by neoplastic cells. This review includes re-cent developments in our understanding of the epidemiology and pathogenesis of ACC, imaging and pathological diagnosis and ap-proaches to treatment with reference to the literature.     

微囊藻毒素LR促肝癌过程中p53、p16基因mRNA表达研究

Objective: To deeply explore the molecular mechanism of MCLR in the course of MCLR promoting liver tumor. Methods: We applied the two -stage- medium-term theory to set up the animal model, and biochemistry technique to evalu- ate the model, and then, used RT-PCR technique and image analysis to study the mRNA expression of the p53 and p16 in the course of promoting tumor. Results: (1) MCLR could enhance the positive reaction ratio of γ-Glutamyltransferase(GGT). (2) MCLR could increase the mRNA expression of p53, and had not effect on the mRNA expression of p53. Conclusion: (1) MC can promote liver tumor strongly. (2) The expression change of p53 may play an important role in the course of MCLR promoting liver tumor.     

Brivanib alaninate, a dual inhibitor of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor and fibroblast growth factor receptor tyrosine kinases, induces growth inhibition in mouse models of human hepatocellular carcinoma

PURPOSE: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the fifth most common primary neoplasm; surgery is the only curative option but 5-year survival rates are only 25% to 50%. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and fibroblast growth factor (FGF) are known to be involved in growth and neovascularization of HCC. Therefore, agents that target these pathways may be effective in the treatment of HCC. The aim of this study was to determine the antineoplastic activity of brivanib alaninate, a dual inhibitor of VEGF receptor (VEGFR) and FGF receptor (FGFR) signaling pathways. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: Six different s.c. patient-derived HCC xenografts were implanted into mice. Tumor growth was evaluated in mice treated with brivanib compared with control. The effects of brivanib on apoptosis and cell proliferation were evaluated by immunohistochemistry. The SK-HEP1 and HepG2 cells were used to investigate the effects of brivanib on the VEGFR-2 and FGFR-1 signaling pathways in vitro. Western blotting was used to determine changes in proteins in these xenografts and cell lines. RESULTS: Brivanib significantly suppressed tumor growth in five of six xenograft lines. Furthermore, brivanib-induced growth inhibition was associated with a decrease in phosphorylated VEGFR-2 at Tyr(1054/1059), increased apoptosis, reduced microvessel density, inhibition of cell proliferation, and down-regulation of cell cycle regulators. The levels of FGFR-1 and FGFR-2 expression in these xenograft lines were positively correlated with its sensitivity to brivanib-induced growth inhibition. In VEGF-stimulated and basic FGF stimulated SK-HEP1 cells, brivanib significantly inhibited VEGFR-2, FGFR-1, extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2, and Akt phosphorylation. CONCLUSION: This study provides a strong rationale for clinical investigation of brivanib in patients with HCC.     

Overexpression of CDC25B and LAMC2 mRNA and protein in esophageal squamous cell carcinomas and premalignant lesions in subjects from a high-risk population in China.

Molecular events associated with the initiation and progression of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) remain poorly understood but likely hold the key to effective early detection approaches for this almost invariably fatal cancer. CDC25B and LAMC2 are two promising early detection candidates emerging from new molecular studies of ESCC. To further elucidate the role of these two genes in esophageal carcinogenesis, we did a series of studies to (a) confirm RNA overexpression, (b) establish the prevalence of protein overexpression, (c) relate protein overexpression to survival, and (d) explore their potential as early detection biomarkers. Results of these studies indicated that CDC25B mRNA was overexpressed (>/=2-fold overexpression in tumor compared with normal) in 64% of the 73 ESCC cases evaluated, whereas LAMC2 mRNA was overexpressed in 89% of cases. CDC25B protein expression was categorized as positive in 59% (144 of 243) of ESCC cases on a tumor tissue microarray, and nonnegative LAMC2 patterns of protein expression were observed in 82% (225 of 275) of cases. Multivariate-adjusted proportional hazard regression models showed no association between CDC25B protein expression score and risk of death [hazard ratio (HR) for each unit increase in expression score, 1.00; P = 0.90]; however, several of the LAMC2 protein expression patterns strongly predicted survival. Using the cytoplasmic pattern as the reference (the pattern with the lowest mortality), cases with a diffuse pattern had a 254% increased risk of death (HR, 3.52; P = 0.007), cases with no LAMC2 expression had a 169% increased risk of death (HR, 2.69; P = 0.009), and cases with a peripheral pattern had a 130% greater risk of death (HR, 2.30; P = 0.02). CDC25B protein expression scores in subjects with esophageal biopsies diagnosed as normal (n = 35), dysplastic (n = 23), or ESCC (n = 32) increased significantly with morphologic progression. For LAMC2, all normal and dysplastic patients had a continuous pattern of protein expression, whereas all ESCCs showed alternative, noncontinuous patterns. This series of studies showed that both CDC25B and LAMC2 overexpress RNA and protein in a significant majority of ESCC cases. The strong relation of LAMC2 pattern of protein expression to survival suggests a role in prognosis, whereas the association of CDC25B with morphologic progression indicates a potential role as an early detection marker.     

肿瘤放射治疗的历史与发展

放射治疗是恶性肿瘤的三大主要治疗手段之一。文章综述了放射治疗在恶性肿瘤治疗中的地位及发展现状和趋势，以及新的放疗技术对临床治疗的影响。     

低级别中央型骨肉瘤的临床、影像学和病理学特点(附2例)

目的：探讨低级别中央型骨肉瘤（Low grade central osteosarcoma）的临床、影像学和病理学特点。方法：应用光镜观察2例成人低级别中央型骨肉瘤的病理组织学特点，结合临床、影像学资料分析和国内外文献回顾，讨论低级别中央型骨肉瘤的临床、影像和病理学特点以及诊断和鉴别诊断要点。结果：低级别中央型骨肉瘤发病年龄较普通型骨肉瘤稍大，多为青壮年，病史较长；病变多位于长骨干骺端，特别是股骨远端和胫骨近端，最好发于股骨；影像学检查可见程度不等的骨质破坏；组织学改变没有特征性，类似于良性骨肿瘤或瘤样病变，但有明确的瘤组织浸润，替代骨小梁间的骨髓脂肪组织。常误诊为纤维结构不良等良性病变，骨皮质破坏和软组织肿块是重要的鉴别诊断线索。结论：低级别中央型骨肉瘤的诊断强调组织病理学结合临床和影像学，可以避免误诊。