2009-2013年上海市普陀区流感样病例监测及流行特征分析

目的 掌握2009-2013年普陀区流感样病例流行特征.方法 收集2009-2013年流感样病例(Influenza-like illness,ILI)监测数据,分析各周次和月次的就诊百分比和病原学分型阳性率、构成比等变化趋势.结果 2009-2013年普陀区流感样病例就诊百分比分别为2.50％、2.46％、2.11％、3.27％、7.15％,每年有两个季节高峰;2009-2013年,共检测标本3 656份,阳性率为27.13％,以A型为主;聚集性流感样病例共接报41起,发生地主要在中小学校.2、3、9、1 1和12月份发生起数较高,占全部事件的78％.结论 近五年流感样病例就诊百分比在波动中逐渐走高,每年有两个就诊高峰,尤其冬春季,需警惕学校和幼托机构的聚集性病例的发生;流行毒株每年发生变化.     

蜂胶水提液对大鼠肠缺血再灌注后肝的保护作用

目的研究蜂胶水提液(WEP)在大鼠肠缺血/再灌注(I/R)过程中对肝组织的保护作用及其机制。方法 40只健康雄性Wistar大鼠随机分为假手术(Sham)、I/R和WEP(50、100、200 mg/kg)组。肠系膜上动脉阻断45 min、再灌注2 h建立肠I/R模型。采血检测转氨酶(ALT、AST)活性、肝组织髓过氧化酶(MPO)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性和丙二醛(MDA)含量。常规制备病理切片,光镜下观察肝组织病理学改变。结果 (1)与sham组比较,I/R组血中转氨酶水平和肝MPO活性升高(P0.01),肝SOD活性降低而MDA含量增加(P0.01),肝组织明显淤血坏死。(2)与I/R组比较,WEP组血中转氨酶水平和肝MPO活性降低,WEP剂量依赖性地抑制肠I/R所致的肝组织SOD活性降低和MDA含量升高。肝组织淤血坏死减轻。结论蜂胶水提液可通过抗氧化反应、降低自由基生成,减轻大鼠肠I/R所致的肝损伤。     

首次从老挝蚊虫标本中检测到版纳病毒

目的对中国-老挝边境口岸地区云南省勐腊县和老挝勐新县采集的蚊虫标本进行版纳病毒检测。方法2009年8月在勐腊县、勐新县人房和畜圈采集蚊虫标本,从蚊虫研磨液中提取RNA,用RT-PCR方法扩增版纳病毒第3、5、7、9、l1、12节段序列,聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳检测核酸扩增阳性标本的基因组带型,利用MEGA 4软件进行系统进化分析。结果共检测蚊虫标本80批,其中3批老挝标本扩增到版纳病毒第3、7、11节段核酸序列,聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳显示3个阳性分离物的基因组均为12条带双链RNA,系统进化分析显示3个老挝版纳病毒分离物位于2个进化分支,其中1株与越南分离株关系最近。结论首次从老挝蚊虫标本中检测到版纳病毒,老挝分离株与中国、越南分离株之间发生了基因重配。     

实时三维超声在产前胎儿超声检查中的初步应用

目的探讨实时三维超声在产前胎儿超声成像中应用的临床价值。方法对26例孕龄16～41周的正常适龄胎儿进行实时三维超声检查。观察胎儿的心脏、颜面部、头颅、胸腹部各重要解剖结构。实时显示三维图像,或者在检查结束后脱机分析图像。结果26例胎儿均获得满意的实时三维图像,包括心脏、颜面部、头颅、胸腹部结构。其中26例观察了心脏,14例观察了颜面部,12例观察了头颅,6例观察了胸腹部。结论实时三维超声能够实时直观地显示胎儿各部位解剖结构的三维立体图像,比传统的二维超声提供更直观的图像信息,其在胎儿先天性畸形显像及筛查中具有重要的应用价值。     

Self-adaptive integration of photothermal and radiative cooling for continuous energy harvesting from the sun and outer space

The sun (∼6,000 K) and outer space (∼3 K) are two significant renewable thermodynamic resources for human beings on Earth. The solar thermal conversion by photothermal (PT) and harvesting the coldness of outer space by radiative cooling (RC) have already attracted tremendous interest. However, most of the PT and RC approaches are static and monofunctional, which can only provide heating or cooling respectively under sunlight or darkness. Herein, a spectrally self-adaptive absorber/emitter (SSA/E) with strong solar absorption and switchable emissivity within the atmospheric window (i.e., 8 to 13 μm) was developed for the dynamic combination of PT and RC, corresponding to continuously efficient energy harvesting from the sun and rejecting energy to the universe. The as-fabricated SSA/E not only can be heated to ∼170 °C above ambient temperature under sunshine but also be cooled to 20 °C below ambient temperature, and thermal modeling captures the high energy harvesting efficiency of the SSA/E, enabling new technological capabilities.

Heating and cooling are two kinds of significant end uses of thermal energy in society, which exist in various conditions (e.g., space/water heating, space cooling, and industrial processes) and account for 51% of the total final energy consumption (1). For example, the heating and cooling of buildings are responsible for nearly 48% of the building energy consumption, increasing to be the largest individual energy expense (2). Therefore, heat and cool harvesting relying on clean techniques from renewable energy resources has drawn remarkable attention from fields of engineering to material science because it has considerable potential for global energy conservation and greenhouse emission reduction. Thermodynamically, any heat transportation and work-generation process requires a temperature gradient. The hot sun (∼6,000 K) and cold outer space (∼3 K) are the ultimate heat source and heat sink for the Earth. Theoretical analysis reveals that maximal output work can be extracted from nonreciprocal systems based on the temperature difference between the sun and Earth (∼300 K) with an ultimate solar energy harvesting efficiency limit of 93.3%, while a maximal work of 153.1 W·m⁻² can also be obtained on the basis of temperature difference between the Earth and outer space (3, 4). Thus, the sun and outer space are two significant renewable thermodynamic resources for the Earth, which can be effectively utilized for clean heat and cool collection.Photothermal (PT) is a widely used solar thermal collection method that employs solar absorbers to capture solar photons and convert them to heat. Thermal analysis reveals that a good candidate for a solar absorber should have high solar absorptivity and low thermal emissivity simultaneously for efficient solar thermal collection. Various materials, including multilayer metal/ceramic films (5, 6), photonic crystals (7, 8), and metamaterials (9, 10), have been developed for spectrally selective solar absorbers and have been used for real-world applications. Meanwhile, radiative cooling (RC) has re-elicited considerable interest in recent years because it can passively provide clean cooling without any extra energy input (11–14). The waste heat of terrestrial objects can be continuously pumped into the cold outer space, relying on the transparent atmospheric window (i.e., 8 to 13 μm). So, high emissivity within the atmospheric window of materials is necessary for efficient RC, and excellent solar reflection is also important for RC under sunshine. Thus, different materials with the tailored spectrum, such as photonic structures (15–17), structure materials (18), energy-saving paints (19–21), and even metamaterials (22–24), have been reported for passive cooling. On the potential application level, RC implementations also span a range of fields, including passive cooling of buildings (25–27), thermal management of textiles and color surfaces (28–30), atmospheric water harvesting (31), and thermoelectric generation (32, 33). Although the reported PT and RC can generate heat and cold with high efficiency through different spectrally selective materials, most of the approaches are static and monofunctional, which can only provide heating or cooling under sunlight or darkness. Therefore, the dynamical integration of PT and RC for continuously efficient heat and cool harvesting is a new topic for the energy exploitation of the sun and outer space. The tunable combination of PT and RC hybrid utilization has been recently proposed, but mechanical methods such as switching (e.g., flip action) a PT absorber and an RC emitter manually (34) or changing the optical properties of the materials through extra force stimuli (35) are preferred.Herein, a smart strategy for the dynamic combination of daytime PT and nighttime RC is proposed, corresponding to continuously efficient energy harvesting from the sun and rejecting energy to the universe. A spectrally self-adaptive absorber/emitter (SSA/E) with solar absorption of over 0.8 and emissivity modulation capability of regulating from broadband emissivity of 0.25 within the mid-infrared (MIR) region to the selective high emissivity of 0.75 within the atmospheric window is designed and fabricated for the proof of the concept. Outdoor thermal experimental results demonstrate that the SSA/E can be heated to ∼170 °C above ambient temperature in the daytime PT mode and passively cooled to ∼20 °C below ambient temperature in the nighttime RC mode. Moreover, the heat and cool energy gains of the SSA/E system are respectively predicted to be 78% and 103% larger than those of the reference system that combines static and monofunctional PT absorber and RC emitter.     

灵龟八法取穴治疗肾虚血瘀型腰痛临床观察

目的 探讨应用子午流注低频治疗仪的“灵龟八法取穴疗法”对肾虚血瘀型腰痛患者的临床疗效。方法 选取广州中医药大学第三附属医院2017年1月—2018年12月收治的肾虚血瘀型腰痛患者60例,均为腰椎退行性改变患者。随机分为治疗组与对照组,各30例。治疗组以“子午流注低频治疗仪”在灵龟八法取穴疗法基础上加用双侧委中、肾俞（共8个穴位）治疗;对照组予以“子午流注低频治疗仪”常规腰痛取穴（双侧腰段夹脊、肾俞、委中、次髎共8个穴位）治疗。2组均以1周为1个疗程,治疗2周后分别评估、对比2组患者临床疗效、腰椎评分（JOA）及疼痛评分（VAS）。结果 治疗组总有效率显著高于对照组（P <0.05）;治疗1、2周后,治疗组JOA评分均显著高于对照组（P <0.01）,VAS评分均显著低于对照组（P <0.01）。结论 临床应用“子午流注低频治疗仪”治疗肾虚血瘀型腰痛,“灵龟八法取穴疗法”较“常规腰痛取穴疗法”具有更好的疗效。     

两株非典型烟曲霉临床株抗真菌药物敏感性和形态异常相关分子机制研究

目的:比较两株白色不产孢烟曲霉临床株(A1j和A2j)的抗真菌药物敏感性及形态异常产孢基因与Af293的差异性.方法:采用改良的琼脂稀释药敏实验方法检测A1j和A2j与模式对照菌Af293对伏立康唑(VRC)、伊曲康唑(ITC)和两性霉素B(AMB)的敏感性.采用PCR和RT-PCR的方法对A1j和A2j产孢相关基因b...     

寰椎后弓半切除在高位上颈椎哑铃状神经鞘瘤手术的应用

目的:探讨寰椎后弓半切除在高位上颈椎哑铃状神经鞘瘤手术的可行性及临床疗效.方法:回顾性分析2005年1月至2018年12月高位上颈椎哑铃状神经鞘瘤患者13例,男10例,女3例;年龄19～67岁;枕骨大孔至C1平面4例,C1,2平面9例.进行寰椎后弓半切除摘除肿瘤,未内固定,临床疗效采用疼痛视觉模拟评分(visual a...     

A Damage Model of Concrete including Hysteretic Effect under Cyclic Loading

A novel damage model for concrete has been developed, which can reflect the complex hysteresis phenomena of concrete under cyclic loading, as well as other nonlinear behaviors such as stress softening, stiffness degradation, and irreversible deformation. The model cleverly transforms the complex multiaxial stress state into a uniaxial state by equivalent strain, with few computational parameters and simple mathematical expression. The uniaxial tensile and compressive stress–strain curves matching the actual characteristics are used to accommodate the high asymmetry of concrete in tension and compression, respectively. Meanwhile, an unloading path and a reloading path that can reflect the hysteresis effect under cyclic loading of concrete are established, in which the adopted expressions for the loading and unloading characteristic points do not depend on the shape of the curve. The proposed model has a concise form that can be easily implemented and also shows strong generality and flexibility. Finally, the reliability and correctness of the model are verified by comparing the numerical results with the three-point bending beam test, cyclic loading test, and a seismic damage simulation of the Koyna gravity dam.