Secondary outcome analysis for data from an outcome‐dependent sampling design

Outcome‐dependent sampling (ODS) scheme is a cost‐effective way to conduct a study. For a study with continuous primary outcome, an ODS scheme can be implemented where the expensive exposure is only measured on a simple random sample and supplemental samples selected from 2 tails of the primary outcome variable. With the tremendous cost invested in collecting the primary exposure information, investigators often would like to use the available data to study the relationship between a secondary outcome and the obtained exposure variable. This is referred as secondary analysis. Secondary analysis in ODS designs can be tricky, as the ODS sample is not a random sample from the general population. In this article, we use the inverse probability weighted and augmented inverse probability weighted estimating equations to analyze the secondary outcome for data obtained from the ODS design. We do not make any parametric assumptions on the primary and secondary outcome and only specify the form of the regression mean models, thus allow an arbitrary error distribution. Our approach is robust to second‐ and higher‐order moment misspecification. It also leads to more precise estimates of the parameters by effectively using all the available participants. Through simulation studies, we show that the proposed estimator is consistent and asymptotically normal. Data from the Collaborative Perinatal Project are analyzed to illustrate our method.     

Modeling Clinical Outcomes in Prostate Cancer: Application and Validation of the Discrete Event Simulation Approach

Objectives

Treatment landscape in prostate cancer has changed dramatically with the emergence of new medicines in the past few years. The traditional survival partition model (SPM) cannot accurately predict long-term clinical outcomes because it is limited by its ability to capture the key consequences associated with this changing treatment paradigm. The objective of this study was to introduce and validate a discrete-event simulation (DES) model for prostate cancer.

微创肺表面活性物质治疗早产儿呼吸窘迫综合征对发育结局的影响

目的 探讨微创肺表面活性物质（LISA）治疗早产儿呼吸窘迫综合征（NRDS）对发育结局的影响。方法 回顾性分析2019年12月—2021年5月阜阳市人民医院收治的67例NRDS患儿的临床资料。将采用LISA治疗的30例患儿作为研究组,采用气管插管-肺表面活性物质-拔管治疗的37例患儿作为对照组,随访至纠正胎龄12个月。统计两组患儿肺表面活性物质（PS）给药过程中不良反应,分析两组通气、吸氧及再次使用PS情况,比较两组治疗前后血气指标的变化,对比两组并发症发生情况,比较两组随访期间体格发育及听力、视觉、神经系统发育情况。结果 对照组与研究组PS给药操作过程中心动过缓、呼吸暂停、经皮血氧饱和度下降、药物反流发生率,72 h内有创机械通气率、总吸氧时间、无创通气时间、再次使用PS率,视网膜病、坏死性小肠结肠炎、脑室内出血、听力损伤、视觉损伤发生率比较,差异均无统计学意义（P >0.05）。研究组支气管肺发育不良发生率低于对照组（P <0.05）。两组治疗前后动脉血氧分压、动脉血二氧化碳分压、动脉血氧分压/吸入气氧浓度的差值比较,差异均无统计学意义（P >0.05）。两组出院时、纠正6个月、纠正12个月体重、头围、身长、宫外生长迟缓（EUGR）发生率比较,差异均无统计学意义（P >0.05）。两组纠正6个月、12个月的EUGR发生率均低于出院时（P <0.05）,两组12个月的EUGR发生率均低于纠正6个月（P <0.05）。研究组智力发展指数、精神运动发展指数、发育商优于对照组（P <0.05）。结论 LISA治疗NRDS早产儿是一种安全有效的PS给药方法,可降低支气管肺发育不良发生风险,改善神经系统发育情况。     

Deep brain stimulation for chorea-acanthocytosis: a systematic review

Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is a reversible treatment for chorea-acanthocytosis (ChAc). Its safety and efficacy remain elusive due to the low prevalence of ChAc. We aimed to investigate the safety and efficacy of DBS for ChAc by systematically reviewing literature through PubMed and EMBASE. Inclusion criteria were reports on the efficacy or safety of DBS for ChAc and English language articles, and exclusion criteria were other movement disorders, non-human subjects, and studies without original data. Most studies were published as case reports, and we therefore pooled these cases in one cohort. Twenty studies with 34 patients were included. The mean age of symptom onset was 29.3 years (range, 17–48). The median follow-up was 12 months (range, 2–84). Twenty-nine patients underwent GPi-DBS, two received STN-DBS, and one underwent Vop-DBS. Electrodes were implanted into the ventralis oralis complex of the thalamus and the pallidal in two patients. Symptoms seemed to be easier relieved in chorea (88.5%) and dystonia (76.9%) but dysarthria of most patients (85.7%) was no response after DBS. The Unified Huntington’s Disease Rating Scale-Motor Score was used to assess the efficacy of DBS in 25 patients; the mean score decreased from 43.2 to 22.3 and the median improvement rate was 46.7%. Of 24 patients with data on adverse events, complications occurred in 9 patients (37.5%; mostly transient and mild events). DBS is a promising treatment for ChAc with satisfactory efficacy and safety based on the review. Pallidal and thalamic DBS have been applied in ChAc; GPi-DBS seems to be more widely used.

     

Correction to: Spindle‑related brain activation in patients with insomnia disorder: An EEG‑fMRI study

Brain Imaging and Behavior -     

3种致病菌污染化验单后用微波炉消毒化验单的效果观察

针对易引起院内感染的铜绿假单胞菌，大肠埃希菌。金黄色葡萄球菌等致病菌污染化验单后造成院内感染。通过用这3种细菌的质控菌株和病原菌株污染化验单后用微波炉来消毒化验单，观察每次消毒化验单具体张数，具体时间和火力，得出最佳消毒时间，火力以及化验单厚度以达到杀死病原菌消毒的目的，从而控制院内感染。     

肺干细胞标记物的研究与进展

通过应用cells in induced group cultured for 2 weeks（vonkossa staining）标记的胸腺嘧啶（3H—TdR）或5-溴脱氧尿核苷（BrdU）的渗入进行标记，发现肺组织的基底细胞、Clara细胞和肺泡Ⅱ型上皮细胞可能具有干细胞特征，能最终分化形成气道上皮。目前对于肺干细胞的研究进展缓慢，究其原因主要是肺组织和气道具有复杂的内在结构，呼吸系统至少包含40种不同类型的细胞，呼吸上皮本身只有极低的生长更新率和非常有限的再生能力，同时肺干细胞的表面标志物也缺乏特异性，只能借助其他组织己知的干细胞标记物进行对比观察。对肺干细胞标记物的研究集中在Sca-1、ABCG2／Bcrp1、滞留细胞标记分子、细胞表面分子、细胞角蛋白、CCSP等方面。对肺癌发生的深入研究发现肺癌可能源于正常肺干细胞的突变，此对于肺癌的发生及治疗提供了更多的思路和方向。     

手法联合核心稳定训练治疗老年非特异性腰痛临床研究

目的:观察手法联合核心稳定训练治疗老年非特异性腰痛的临床疗效。方法:124例随机分为研究组和对照组各62例。两组均行手法治疗,观察组加用核心稳定训练治疗。结果:治疗后两组VAS、ODI评分均较治疗前改善(P<0.01),观察组改善程度优于对照组(P<0.01)。治疗后两组闭眼单脚站立时间、闭目原地踏步时间均较治疗前延长(P<0.01),观察组延长程度大于对照组(P<0.05)。结论:手法可以瞬间纠正腰椎“骨错缝、筋出槽”,恢复力学平衡。配合核心稳定性训练,使筋强骨健,维持腰椎稳定,疗效较好且安全。