寰椎椎弓根螺钉置钉的解剖与临床研究

目的：建立和验证寰椎后路椎弓根螺钉固定的进钉技术。方法：利用40套干燥配套寰枢椎标本测量进钉技术的相关参数，而后临床应用该技术方法置钉并行X线、CT复查其准确性。结果：寰椎椎弓根平均宽度为7．78mm，进钉点在寰椎椎弓根中线外侧2．2m，螺钉进钉点可由经枢椎下关节突中点的纵垂线来确定；手术中该方法不仅能简化操作过程，而且术后检查发现螺钉均准确置入。结论：用枢椎下关节突中点作为术中判定寰椎椎弓根螺钉进钉点的方法准确可靠。     

Use of long catheters for multipatient anesthetic monitoring at high respiratory frequencies

Anesthetic gases from several patients can be monitored simultaneously with a centrally located mass spectrometer. Such monitoring requires catheters from patient to spectrometer that are several meters long. Scamman (J Clin Monit 1988;4:227–229) found that when the respiratory frequency is high, as with infants, the CO₂ signal from the patient is unacceptably distorted during passage down the catheter. This is due to Taylor dispersion of the input signal. An outline of the theory of Taylor dispersion is given. The equations describe the interaction between the velocity distribution (which, in laminar flow, is parabolic) and the radial diffusion of CO₂. This interaction keeps a tracer signal together in a pulse, as it moves down the tube with themean velocity, spreading somewhat as it proceeds. How much does an initially sharp signal become blurred? The spread of such a signal when it reaches the detector, measured in time, can be expressed in various ways. Measurement is complicated, however, by the fact that the gas pressure may fall by as much as a factor of 10 along the line. The resultant expansion and acceleration of the gas cannot be ignored. A full treatment of this complication is given elsewhere, but the following simple equation is described: {ie237-1} Typically, the spread time is up to a quarter of a second for catheters of 50 m, such as used by Scamman. This is comparable with the period of CO₂ rise and fall for infants and explains the serious distortion in wave form that Scamman found. Some distortion can be eliminated by reducing R to 0.1 or less, but the extent of this improvement is small. Ideally, for fast-breathing patients, the catheter length should be reduced to 20 m or less, if possible.     

Chemotherapy-induced nausea

The rubric complementary medicine covers a variety of approaches that may seem alike only in their being outside conventional care and training. We have asked experienced practitioners to present their own pieces of this jigsaw, realising that these clinical fragments, when seen together, create excitement but also confusion. Of course, this forum is not intended to be a comprehensive review of relevant complementary treatments, and often the individual apporaches to clinical problems will appear totally unrelated, while their apparent effectiveness stretches the biomedical model and conventional research methodology beyond their capacity. With this in mind, we intend that forthcoming articles and reviews will expand on the therapies themselves, and discuss the evidence supporting them.     

侵袭性垂体腺瘤的蛋白表达研究进展

侵袭性垂体腺瘤是指垂体腺瘤浸润性生长,侵犯硬脑膜、海绵窦、骨质等周围组织结构,手术治疗困难,术后容易复发,患者预后差.一般认为它介于良性的垂体腺瘤与恶性的垂体癌之间.为了探索侵袭性垂体腺瘤的发生机制,提高其诊断和治疗水平,越来越多的研究者着眼于侵袭性垂体腺瘤的蛋白表达特点.     

多激素分泌性垂体泌乳素腺瘤的激素分泌谱及克隆分析

目的 对多激素分泌性垂体泌乳素腺瘤的克隆状态以及激素分泌谱进行分析。方法 对26例女性垂体泌乳素腺瘤患者（单激素分泌性PRL腺瘤7例，多激素分泌性PRL腺瘤19例）进行肿瘤标本的免疫组化分析，并且提取DNA行HUMARA分析。结果免疫组化分析提示本组多激素分泌性垂体PRL腺瘤具有10种不同的激素分泌谱，现代分子生物学HUMARA克隆分析提示11／13例（85％）多激素分泌性垂体PRL腺瘤为单克隆起源。结论 结果提示垂体泌乳素腺瘤除了分泌泌乳素外，还可以分泌多种垂体激素，而且绝大多数多激素分泌性垂体腺瘤的起源是单克隆性的。     

尿液有形成分镜检与自动化检测方法学利弊和互补分析

结合当前国内外尿液分析的发展现状和目前国内常规检验工作忽视尿有形成分检查的错误倾向,笔者参考国家(际)标准、文献及本人的临床实践、科研成果,阐述了尿液有形成分检查的临床价值、标准检验流程,评论了应用各种仪器进行镜检筛选的优点与不足,并对如何加强我国尿液分析的质最管理提出了见解.     

静脉动脉化再植拇指完全离断

目的 报道静脉动脉化再植拇指完全离断的新方法。方法 1999—2002年在5例拇指完全离断再植手术中，因指动脉严重损伤或多次吻合指动脉失败后，将近侧动脉与断指的一条静脉吻合作为供血通路，近侧的静脉与断指的另几条静脉吻合作为回血通路。结果 5例再植拇指全部成活，早期病例完全恢复了良好的功能。结论 静脉动脉化是一种拇指离断再植的新方法，操作简便，效果可靠，值得推广应用。     

The severity of airways obstruction as a determinant of treatment response in COPD

Guidelines recommend that patients with COPD are stratified arbitrarily by baseline severity (FEV₁) to decide when to initiate combination treatment with a long-acting β₂-agonist and an inhaled corticosteroid. Assessment of baseline FEV₁ as a continuous variable may provide a more reliable prediction of treatment effects. Patients from a 1-year, parallel-group, randomized controlled trial comparing 50 μg salmeterol (Sal), 500 μg fluticasone propionate (FP), the combination (Sal/FP) and placebo, (bid), were categorized post hoc into FEV₁ <50% and FEV₁ ≥50% predicted subgroups (n=949/513 respectively). Treatment effects on clinical outcomes – lung function, exacerbations, health status, diary card symptoms, and adverse events – were investigated. Treatment responses based on a pre-specified analysis explored treatment differences by severity as a continuous variable. Lung function improved with active treatment irrespective of FEV₁; Sal/FP had greatest effect. This improvement appeared additive in milder disease; synergistic in severe disease. Active therapy significantly reduced exacerbation rate in patients with FEV₁ <50% predicted, not in milder disease. Health status and breathlessness improved with Sal/FP irrespective of baseline FEV₁; adverse events were similar across subgroups. The spirometric response to Sal/FP varied with baseline FEV₁, and clinical benefits were not restricted to patients with severe disease. These data have implications for COPD management decisions, suggesting that arbitrary stratifications of baseline severity are not necessarily indicative of treatment efficacy and that the benefits of assessing baseline severity as a continuous variable should be assessed in future trials.     

兔动静脉短路环法诱导组织工程骨支架材料血管生成的初步研究

Objective To compare the effects of 2 vascular carriers, arteriovenous loop and arteri-ovenous bundle, on inducing angiogenesis in coral scaffold of vascularized tissue-engineered bone in animal models.Methods Thirty-six adult male New Zealand rabbits were randomized into 2 even groups.In group A, an arteriovenous loop (AVL) was formed by microsurgical anastomosis at the proximal ends between the femoral poptiteal artery and vein, and placed in the circular side groove of the coral block (6 mm × 8 mm × 10 mm) .In group B, flow-through vessels bundles of both femoral artery and vein were placed in the side grooves of the coral block.All the implants in 2 groups were wrapped by a micro-porous expand-ed-polytetrafluoroethylene (ePTFE) membrane, and fixed subcutaneously by suturing.Evaluation methods included gross morphological observations, histological examinations, India ink perfusion and vascular casting after 2, 4, 6 weeks.The density of blood vessels was analyzed by the statistical software SPSS 10.0.Results All the corals were encased by newly formed fibrovascular tissues in 2 groups.Ink-stained vessels distributed the surfaces and side grooves, and invaded the interspaces of corals.The degree of vascularization increased over the course of experiment.Blood vessel density demonstrated a significant continuous increase between 2 and 6 weeks after implantation in group A.The mean value of blood vessel density in group A (2 weeks 276.60±4.67, 4 weeks 517.20±10.66, 6 weeks 707.00 ±11.87) was significantly higher than in group B (2 weeks 153.60 ±7.16, 4 weeks 269.40±6.80, 6 weeks 279.20±6.53) (P <0.01).Vascular casting showed that in group A, significant blood vessels sprouted from all areas of the loop, espe-cially at the entrance of the arteriovenous pediele where the small tubes were densely interconnected.In group B, however, no blood vessels sprouted from the arteriovenous bundles and only some small vessels grew from the entrance and exit.Conclusions A vascularized coral model can be constructed by inserting an ar-teriovenous loop or an arteriovenous bundle, useful in vascular bone tissue engineering.The former, however, have stronger abilities to induce angiogenesis than the latter.