Polarizing the T helper 17 response in Citrobacter rodentium infection via expression of resistin-like molecule α

Citrobacter rodentium infection is a murine model of pathogenic Escherichia coli infection that allows investigation of the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in host-protective immunity and bacterial-induced intestinal inflammation. We recently demonstrated that following C. rodentium infection, the absence of Resistin-Like Molecule (RELM) α resulted in attenuated Th17 cell responses and reduced intestinal inflammation with minimal effects on bacterial clearance. In this addendum, we investigated the cytokine modulatory effects of RELMα and RELMα expression in the intestinal mucosa following C. rodentium infection. We show that in addition to promoting Th17 cytokine responses, RELMα inhibits Th2 cytokine expression and Th2-cytokine effector macrophage responses in the C. rodentium-infected colons. Second, utilizing reporter C. rodentium, we examined RELMα expression and macrophage recruitment at the host pathogen interface. We observed infection-induced macrophage infiltration and RELMα expression by intestinal epithelial cells. The influence of infection-induced RELMα on macrophage recruitment in the intestine is discussed.     

Setting priorities for a research agenda to combat drug-resistant tuberculosis in children

Setting: Numerous knowledge gaps hamper the prevention and treatment of childhood drug-resistant tuberculosis (TB). Identifying research priorities is vital to inform and develop strategies to address this neglected problem.Objective: To systematically identify and rank research priorities in childhood drug-resistant TB.Design: Adapting the Child Health and Nutrition Research Initiative (CHNRI) methodology, we compiled 53 research questions in four research areas, then classified the questions into three research types. We invited experts in childhood drug-resistant TB to score these questions through an online survey.Results: A total of 81 respondents participated in the survey. The top-ranked research question was to identify the best combination of existing diagnostic tools for early diagnosis. Highly ranked treatment-related questions centred on the reasons for and interventions to improve treatment outcomes, adverse effects of drugs and optimal treatment duration. The prevalence of drug-resistant TB was the highest-ranked question in the epidemiology area. The development type questions that ranked highest focused on interventions for optimal diagnosis, treatment and modalities for treatment delivery.Conclusion: This is the first effort to identify and rank research priorities for childhood drug-resistant TB. The result is a resource to guide research to improve prevention and treatment of drug-resistant TB in children.     

Operational research leading to rapid national policy change: tuberculosis-diabetes collaboration in India

In 2011, bi-directional screening for tuberculosis (TB) and diabetes mellitus (DM) was recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO), although how best to implement the activity was not clear. In India, with early engagement of national programme managers and all important stakeholders, a countrywide, multicentre operational research (OR) project was designed in October 2011 and completed in 2012. The results led to a rapid national policy decision to routinely screen all TB patients for DM in September 2012. The process, experience and enablers of implementing this unique and successful collaborative model of operational research are presented.     

Ocular myasthenia gravis: A review

Myasthenia gravis (MG) is a disease that affects the neuro-muscular junction resulting in classical symptoms of variable muscle weakness and fatigability. It is called the great masquerader owing to its varied clinical presentations. Very often, a patient of MG may present to the ophthalmologist given that a large proportion of patients with systemic myasthenia have ocular involvement either at presentation or during the later course of the disease. The treatment of ocular MG involves both the neurologist and ophthalmologist. Thus, the aim of this review was to highlight the current diagnosis, investigations, and treatment of ocular MG.     

Polycystic Ovary Syndrome and Depression in New Zealand Adolescents

ObjectiveTo determine whether adolescents with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) are more depressed than adolescent girls in the community and to examine factors associated with depression.DesignAn observational study comparing clinical and community samples.SettingTwo specialist reproductive endocrine clinics in Auckland, New Zealand.Participants102 girls aged 14-19 presenting for clinical assessment, fulfilling the Rotterdam consensus for PCOS. The comparison group was 1349 girls from a school-based survey of New Zealand youth.InterventionsClinically significant depression was identified by the long and short form Reynolds Adolescent Depression Scale. BMI, androgen levels, oral contraceptive use, objective symptom severity, age, ethnicity, and socioeconomic grouping were recorded.Main Outcome MeasuresClinically significant depression in the PCOS and community samples. Potential determinants of depression.ResultsClinically significant depression in adolescent girls with PCOS was not increased compared with the community sample (OR 1.3; 95%CI 0.7-2.7, P = .42). Within the PCOS cohort, depression was correlated with increased BMI (P = .01) and possibly acne (P = .08).ConclusionsLean adolescent girls with PCOS did not have more clinically significant depression than girls in the community. Within the PCOS cohort, however, there was a clear association between higher depression scores and elevated BMI. There is a potentially important interaction between obesity and depression in PCOS.