Comparative Genomics of Korean Infectious Bronchitis Viruses (IBVs) and an Animal Model to Evaluate Pathogenicity of IBVs to the Reproductive Organs

The K-I and nephropathogenic K-II genotypes of infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) have been isolated since 1995 and 1990, respectively, in Korea and commercial inactivated oil-emulsion vaccines containing KM91 (K-II type) and Massachusetts 41 strains have been used in the field. To date, genomic analyses of Korean IBV strains and animal models to test the pathogenicity of Korean IBVs to the reproductive organs have been rare. In the present study, comparative genomics of SNU8067 (K-I type) and KM91 IBVs was performed, and an animal model to test the pathogenicity of SNU8067 was established and applied to vaccine efficacy test. The genome sizes of SNU8067 (27,708 nt) and KM91 (27,626 nt) were slightly different and the nucleotide and amino acid identities of the S1 (79%, 77%), 3a (65%, 52%), and 3b (81%, 72%) genes were lower than those of other genes (94%–97%, 92%–98%). A recombination analysis revealed that SNU8067 was a recombinant virus with a KM91-like backbone except S1, 3a, and 3b genes which might be from an unknown virus. An SNU8067 infection inhibited formation of hierarchal ovarian follicles (80%) and oviduct maturation (50%) in the control group, whereas 70% of vaccinated chickens were protected from lesions.     

nNOS磷酸化在大鼠神经病理性疼痛发病中的作用及其机制

目的:探索神经结扎(spinal nerve ligation,SNL)模型大鼠脊髓内神经元型一氧化氮合酶(neuronal nitric oxide synthase,nNOS)的磷酸化是否对神经病理性疼痛具有调节作用,研究nNOS磷酸化在神经病理性疼痛中的作用机制?方法:选用雄性SPF级SD大鼠60只,随机分为4组?假手术组:只暴露脊神经,不结扎;实验组:制作SNL模型,鞘内注射钙依赖性蛋白激酶Ⅱ(phosphorylated calcium/calmodulin dependent kinaseⅡ,p-CaMKⅡ)抑制剂KN93;阴性对照组:制作SNL模型,鞘内注射DMSO;模型组:制作SNL模型,不给药?于术前1 d?术后1~5 d以及鞘内给药后1~4 h测定机械痛阈值?采用Western blot检测腰段脊髓组织p-CaMKⅡ?nNOS与p-nNOS的表达水平,利用免疫共沉淀以及免疫荧光实验检测nNOS与其接头蛋白CAPON是否具有相互作用?结果:SNL可导致大鼠机械疼痛阈值降低(P < 0.01),脊髓组织p-CaMKⅡ的表达增加(P < 0.05),p-nNOS的表达下降(P < 0.05),髓鞘内注射KN93可反转神经结扎所致的上述趋势;nNOS与其接头蛋白CAPON在大鼠体内存在相互作用,nNOS的磷酸化能降低其与CAPON的相互作用强度?结论:nNOS的磷酸化参与了SNL诱导的神经病理性疼痛的维持,p-CaMKⅡ通过对nNOS的磷酸化,降低nNOS与其接头蛋白CAPON在体内的相互作用强度,针对nNOS的磷酸化信号途径的治疗可为神经病理性疼痛的治疗提供新的视野?     

俞募穴针刺对脑瘫伴反复呼吸道感染患儿血清免疫指标及肺功能的影响

目的:探讨针刺背俞穴、腹募穴对脑瘫患儿反复呼吸道感染疗效分析,观察其对患儿肺功能、血清免疫指标的影响,探讨其可能的作用机制。方法:按照随机数字表将脑瘫合并反复呼吸道感染的112例住院患儿随机分为观察组和对照组,每组各56例。所有患儿治疗前均根据实际情况进行相应的对症治疗,对照组给予玉屏风颗粒,每次1/3袋,每天3次,口服。观察组在此基础上进行背俞穴、腹募穴针刺治疗。观察两组患儿肺功能、血清免疫指标变化,并评价疗效。结果:观察组有效率为92.86%,对照组有效率为76.79%,观察组治疗效果优于对照组(P0.05);治疗前两组血清免疫球蛋白含量、T淋巴细胞亚群和肺功能指标比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05),治疗后两组血清免疫球蛋白A(immunoglobulin A,IgA)、IgG、IgM含量均有显著提高(P0.05),表明两种疗法均能提高患儿血清免疫球蛋白含量;且观察组显著高于对照组(P0.05);治疗后两组CD_4~+、CD_4~+/CD_8~+升高,CD_8~+下降,差异有统计学意义(P0.05),且观察组CD_4~+、CD_4~+/CD_8~+高于对照组,CD_8~+低于对照组(P0.05),说明两种疗法均能显著提高T淋巴细胞亚群,且观察组优于对照组(P 0.05);治疗后两组用力肺活量(forced vital capacity,FVC)、1秒用力呼气容积(forced expiratory volume in one second,FEV1)、最大呼气流量(peak expiratory flow,PEF)水平显著升高(P0.05),说明两组均能有效提高患儿肺功能;治疗后观察组显著高于对照组(P 0.05),说明针刺俞募穴+玉屏风颗粒治疗对肺功能的影响优于单独玉屏风颗粒治疗。结论:针刺俞募穴辅助治疗脑瘫患儿反复呼吸道感染疗效显著,能显著提高患儿免疫功能和肺功能。     

旋磁场对胆结石病人胆汁中胆红素、钙、胆固醇和pH的影响

目的 探讨旋磁场与大面积静磁场对置对胆结石病人胆汁中总胆红素（BIT）、直接胆红素（BID）、间接胆红素（BII）、钙（Ca）、胆固醇（CH）和pH的影响。方法 旋磁组30例,测定旋磁处理前后65对胆汁样本。空白对照组15例,留取前后30对胆汁样本。将直径12mm圆形稀土永磁片110块,表面磁感应强度210mT,分别间隔10mm贴于210mm×220mm铁皮上形成一个大面积磁板与旋磁头表面静磁感应强度160mT,旋转平均表面磁感应强度100mT呈异名极对置,磁板置肝区背侧,旋磁头置剑突下处理40min。结果 旋磁组胆结石病人胆汁（n=65）:经旋磁场与磁板对置处理前减去处理后差值的x±s和t值分别为BIT41.81±93.52、3.59;BID 13.57±43.70、2.46;BII28.27±61.67、3.32;Ca 0.19±0.31、4.87;CH0.12±0.29、3.36;pH 0.01±0.27、0.30。除pH外,其余各项指标P值均<0.05。对照组胆汁（n=30）:间隔时间前后差值的x±s和t值分别为BIT4.42±22.05、1.14;BID2.40±12.37、1.06;BII2.52±46.27、0.30;Ca0.01±0.18、0.50;CH0.03±0.15、0.94;pH 0.009±0.06、0.84。P值均>0.05。结论 在本项磁场类型、强度和时间处理条件下,旋磁场与磁板对置能明显影响胆结石病人胆汁中的BIT、BID、BII、Ca和CH的浓度变化,且有显著降低的作用。     

Bioavailability and biological efficacy of a new oral formulation of salmon calcitonin in healthy volunteers.

Salmon calcitonin (SCT) is a well-tolerated peptide drug with a wide therapeutic margin and is administered parenterally for long-term treatments of bone diseases. Its clinical usefulness would be enhanced by the development of an orally active formulation. In this randomized crossover double-blinded phase I trial, controlled by both a placebo and a parenteral verum, we have tested a new oral formulation of SCT associated with a caprylic acid derivative as carrier. Eight healthy volunteers received single doses of 400, 800, and 1200 microg of SCT orally, a placebo, and a 10-microg (50 IU) SCT intravenous infusion. SCT was reliably absorbed from the oral formulation, with an absolute bioavailability of 0.5-1.4%, depending on the dose. It induced a marked, dose-dependent drop in blood and urine C-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen (CTX), a sensitive and specific bone resorption marker, with the effects of 1200 microg exceeding those of 10 microg intravenously. It also decreased blood calcium and phosphate, and increased the circulating levels of parathyroid hormone (PTH) and, transiently, the urinary excretion of calcium. It was well-tolerated, with some subjects presenting mild and transient nausea, abdominal cramps, diarrheic stools, and headaches. This study shows that oral delivery of SCT is feasible with reproducible absorption and systemic biological efficacy. Such an oral formulation could facilitate the use of SCT in the treatment of osteoporosis and other bone diseases.     

Preoperative endoscopic sphincterotomy in the treatment of patients with cholecystocholedocholithiasis

Preoperative endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) and endoscopic sphincterotomy (ES) prior to laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) are the most common methods for the diagnosis and treatment of patients with cholecystocholedocholithiasis. We evaluated the selection criteria for preoperative ERCP examination and the results of endoscopic-laparoscopic treatment of patients with choledocholithiasis. Between January 1993 and December 1998, 1630 patients with symptomatic cholelithiasis were admitted for surgical intervention. Preoperative ERCP was performed in 247 patients according to the selection criteria. The criteria to perform ERCP were dilated common bile duct (CBD; more than 8 mm), abnormal serum liver test results, and a recent history of pancreatitis. Endoscopic sphincterotomy (ES) was performed if CBD stones were found during the procedure. LC was then carried out within 3 days after ES. Of the 247 patients selected for preoperative ERCP, CBD stones were confirmed in 146 patients (59.1%). ES was successful in 141 patients, and stone clearance was achieved in 133 patients, resulting in a 94.3% success rate. Eight patients (5.5%) had complications after endoscopic intervention, all of which resolved uneventfully. Open operative procedures were carried out in a total of 31 patients. Overall, 115 patients were successfully treated by this endoscopic laparoscopic sequence. The length of hospital stay in these groups was significantly lower than that for patients in whom an open method was employed. Preoperative ES combined with LC is a safe and effective therapy for cholecystocholedocholithiasis, and the criteria that we used for the selection of patients seem to be appropriate. Received: July 4, 2000 / Accepted: October 12, 2000     

阴囊皮瓣修复阴茎缺损的临床应用

目的探讨阴囊皮瓣修复阴茎大部分缺损的临床效果。方法对由不同原因引起阴茎缺损的17例患者，采用阴囊皮瓣进行修复。在阴囊根部两侧阴囊前动脉之间的无血管区剥离一腔隙，将延长后的阴茎海绵体经腔隙转移至阴囊皮瓣的下方，以包绕海绵体创面，皮瓣缝合后瘢痕在阴茎腹侧。结果切口均Ⅰ期愈合。术后随访患者1～9年，未出现皮瓣坏死现象，阴茎的外观及功能恢复较好。结论阴囊皮瓣的血运丰富、组织柔软、弹性好、伸缩性强，而且此手术切口隐蔽，是修复阴茎缺损较理想的皮瓣。