Corneal and scleral permeability of quinolones--a pharmacokinetics study.

PURPOSE: To investigate the corneal and scleral permeability of nalidixic acid and synthesized fluoroquinolones and their in vivo pharmacokinetics in rabbits. METHODS: The corneal and scleral permeability coefficients of ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin, cinoxacin, enoxacin, and ofloxacin were determined in rabbits using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The aqueous humor levels of norfloxacin and ciprofloxacin were measured separately by topical instillation of 0.3% solutions of the two drugs onto rabbit eyes. RESULTS: Nalidixic acid had a higher corneal permeability coefficient (17.3 +/- 3.56 x 10(-6) cm/second) than all other drugs tested (p < 0.01). Corneal permeability coefficients in rabbits among ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin, cinoxacin, enoxacin, and ofloxacin were not significantly different (p > 0.1). Comparing the corneal and scleral permeability coefficients, only values for nalidixic acid were not significantly different (17.35 +/- 3.56 x l0(-6) cm/second versus 22.69 +/- 5.19 x 10(-6) cm/second, p > 0.05), while all other drugs had scleral permeability coefficients 8 to 10 times greater than corneal permeability coefficients. The mean aqueous humor concentration of norfloxacin and ciprofloxacin at 60 minutes to 180 minutes after instillation was around 0.3 microg/mL, a value higher than MIC90 of most bacteria.     

体育游戏在体育教学中的运用

体育游戏是小学体育教学的重要内容,是教育学生最好的方法之一。我国现代著名教育家陈鹤琴先生说过：＂小孩生来是好动的,是以游戏为生命的。＂毛泽东同志在给《新体育》一书的题词中写道：＂要活动,要游戏,是儿童的天性。＂这充分说明了学生对游戏有着特殊的感情。     

Incidence of Chest Tube Malposition in the Critically Ill: A Prospective Computed Tomography Study

Background: Malposition of percutaneously inserted chest tubes is considered as a rare complication in critically ill patients. Its incidence, however, remains uncertain. The aims of the study were to assess the true incidence of chest tube malposition in critically ill patients and to identify predicting factors.

Methods: The authors prospectively studied 122 chest tubes percutaneously inserted in 75 consecutive critically ill patients. For clinical reasons independent of the study, thoracic computed tomography scanning was performed in 63 patients, allowing direct visualization of 106 chest tubes. Based on these findings, chest tube position was classified as intrapleural, intrafissural, or intraparenchymal. Factors predicting chest tube malposition were analyzed by univariate and multivariate analysis.

Results: The mean delay between chest tube placement and thoracic scan was 3.5 +/- 2.9 days. Twenty-two chest tubes were diagnosed as being intrafissural (21%), and 10 were diagnosed as being intraparenchymal (9%). The only predicting factor associated with the risk of malposition was the use of a trocar for the percutaneous insertion of the chest tube (P = 0.032).     

男性青少年性腺功能减退症患者短期雄激素替代治疗对血脂和hsCRP水平的影响

目的 探讨性腺功能低减的青少年男性，短期雄激素替代治疗对血脂和超敏C反应蛋白（hsCRP）的影响。方法 本研究为前瞻性自身对照研究，共纳入33例性腺功能减退青少年男性。行短期（9个月）雄激素替代治疗，比较治疗前后血睾酮水平、第二性征发育程度、身高、握力、血红蛋白、血脂和hsCRP的差异。结果 （1）替代治疗后，睾酮水平明显升高，第二性征明显发育，身高、握力、血红蛋白显著增加（P值均〈0.05）；（2）短期雄激素替代治疗后，总胆固醇（TC），低密度脂蛋白（LDL-c），高密度脂蛋白（HDL-c）和甘油三酯（TG）部有所下降，但无统计学差异（P〉0．5）。超敏CRP显著下降（P=0.025）。结论 （1）性腺功能低减的青少年男性，短期雄激素替代治疗，可以促进第二性征发育，增加身高、握力和血红蛋白；（2）短期雄激素替代治疗，对血脂无显著性影响。但是，可以使hsCRP明显下降。     

梗阻性黄疸高危因素分析

目的 :通过探讨梗阻性黄疸临床指征 ,了解其病程中的高危因素。并及时降低并发症及死亡率 ,提高临床疗效。方法 :对我科 1993年— 2 0 0 0年收治的 2 92例梗阻性黄疸病人进行性分析 ,统计年龄、梗阻时间、性质、手术时间 ,入院 2 4小时内测尿素氮 (BUN)、白蛋白 (A)、总胆红素(TBIL)、白细胞 (WBC)、血红素 (HB)、腹水 ,分析其高危因素。结果 :年龄 >6 5岁并发症发生率为2 5 .2 0 % ,病死率 3.2 5 % ;梗阻时间超过 2 0天以上者 ,并发症 2 8.87% ,病死率 5 .15 % ;肝功能Child氏B级、C级者 ,并发症发生率为 2 9.2 0 % ,病死率为 5 .31% ,延期手术并发症发生率为 2 9.4 1% ,病死率为 4 .90 %。结论 :梗阻性黄疸病人年龄越大 ,梗阻时间越长 ,肝功能越差 ,不及时手术是各种并发症发生及病死率增高的高危因素     

前列腺增生症证型与体内性激素水平的临床研究

目的:研究前列腺增生症中医证型与体内性激素水平的相关性.方法:选择500例患者,中医辨证分为血瘀下焦、膀胱湿热、肾阴亏虚、肾阳不足、肺热气闭,均在就诊次日上午抽空腹血4 mL,进行血清性激素测定.结果:T值以血瘀下焦、肾阴亏虚证较高,肾阳不足证明显偏低,两者比较差别有显著性(P＜0.01);膀胱湿热证和肺热气闭证居中,与血瘀下焦、肾阴亏虚证比较差别也具有显著性(P＜0.05).E2值以肾阳不足证明显偏高,血瘀下焦和膀胱湿热证次之,肾阴亏虚和肺热气闭证较低.各组间比较差别具有显著性(P＜0.01).结论:前列腺增生症各证型与血清性激素水平变化有一定规律可循,同时也为证型客观化、微观化提供了相应证据.     

大鼠移植胰腺冷缺血再灌注后细胞凋亡的变化

目的　探讨移植胰腺冷缺血再灌注后胰腺细胞凋亡的变化过程。方法　 6 5只SD大鼠随机分成 7组 :假手术组 ,冷缺血 2h组 ,冷缺血 2h再灌注 1、3、6、9、12h组。通过HE染色后光镜及电镜观察各组的胰腺组织的病理变化 ;采用脱氧核糖核苷酸末端转移酶介导的缺口末端标记法(TUNEL)检测凋亡细胞的分布及计数。结果　胰腺移植后早期即可观察到细胞凋亡的典型改变 ,胰腺冷缺血再灌注后发生凋亡的高峰期为再灌注后 3h[AI为 (9.4 6± 2 .91) % ,P <0 .0 1) ,再灌注 6h较 3小时细胞凋亡有所减少 [AI为 (5 .74± 1.6 6 ) % ,P <0 .0 1],再灌注 9h及 12h细胞凋亡进一步减少 [AI分别为 (3.6 0± 1.6 4 ) %及 (3.2 6± 1.35 ) % ,P <0 .0 5 ]。结论　细胞凋亡是胰腺移植后的早期事件 ,移植胰腺冷缺血再灌注后早期主要的死亡方式是凋亡 ;移植胰腺冷缺血再灌注后的凋亡高峰发生在再灌注后 3h。     

~99m锝-葡聚糖淋巴系统显像剂研制及其初步临床应用

作者采用沉淀法对药用葡聚糖进行分级纯化,通过家兔实验筛选出合乎淋巴系统定向要求分子量(105000)的葡聚糖,并制成一步标记法的亚锡葡聚糖药盒,4℃贮存8个月,标记率大于95％。~(99)m锝-葡聚糖的体内外稳定性均佳。家兔研究表明:(1)淋巴结内聚集量最高,其他非靶器(除肝脏、肾脏外)均处于极低水平;(2)显像速度快、图像清晰,既显示淋巴结又显示淋巴管;(3)注射部位清除速度快,6.5h清除95％。安全试验表明:~(99)m锝-葡聚糖是一种毒性极低、非常安全的药物。临床试用100余例,均获满意图像,检查全过程1h内完成,检查结果与诊断基本相符,故~(99)m锝-葡聚糖是目前临床上比较理想的淋巴系统显像剂,可进一步推广应用。     

Inhibitory effects of benzoate on chiral inversion and clearance of N(G)-nitro-arginine in conscious rats.

N(G)-nitro-arginine (NNA) is known to exhibit stereoselective pharmacokinetics in which N(G)-nitro-d-arginine (d-NNA) has a faster clearance rate than N(G)-nitro-l-arginine (l-NNA) in anesthetized rats, and d-NNA undergoes unidirectional chiral inversion. It was postulated that chiral inversion of d-NNA was performed in a two-step pathway by d-amino acid oxidase (DAAO) followed by an unidentified transaminase. Such chiral inversion contributes (at least partially) to the pharmacokinetic stereoselectivity of NNA. This study used the selective inhibitor of DAAO, sodium benzoate, to test the above hypothesis. An i.v. bolus injection of d-NNA (32 mg/kg) and l-NNA (16 mg/kg) in conscious rats exhibited biphasic disposition with different pharmacokinetic parameters in a stereospecific manner (approximately 5-10-fold differences). Unidirectional chiral inversion of d-NNA but not l-NNA was found from these animals. In addition to its similar inhibitory effects on the d-NNA conversion and DAAO activity in kidney homogenates, sodium benzoate completely blocked chiral inversion of d-NNA and led to a smaller stereospecific difference, reflected by a nearly 50% reduction of d-NNA clearance and a 2-fold increase in t(1/2) and area under the curve of d-NNA in benzoate-pretreated rats. The results suggest that DAAO plays an essential role in chiral inversion of d-NNA and chiral inversion contributes mostly to the pharmacokinetic stereospecificity of NNA.