Repair of rat cranial bone defects with nHAC/PLLA and BMP‐2‐related peptide or rhBMP‐2

An ideal artificial substitute has good biocompatibility properties and is able to provide for rapid bone formation. Bone morphogenetic protein‐2 (BMP‐2) is considered as one of the most important growth factors for bone regeneration. In this study, a synthetic BMP‐2‐related peptide (designated P24) corresponding to residues of the knuckle epitope of BMP‐2 was introduced into a bioactive scaffold based on nano‐hydroxyapatite/collagen/poly(L ‐lactic acid) (nHAC/PLLA); its in vitro release kinetics was then measured. A 5 mm diameter cranial bone defect was created in the calvariae of 30 rats and randomly implanted with three groups of biomaterials: Group A (nHAC/PLLA alone); Group B (P24/nHAC/PLLA composite); and Group C (recombinant human BMP‐2 (rhBMP‐2)/nHAC/PLLA composite). The P24/nHAC/PLLA implants significantly stimulated bone growth similarly to the rhBMP‐2/nHAC/PLLA implants based on the radiographic and three‐dimensional CT evaluation and histological examination, thereby confirming the enhanced bone healing rate of these compounds compared with the stand‐alone nHAC/PLLA scaffold material. The osteoinductive ability of 3 mg P24 was similar to that of 1 µg rhBMP‐2. P24/nHAC/PLLA is a promising scaffold biomaterial for bone tissue regeneration. © 2011 Orthopaedic Research Society Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 29:1745–1752, 2011     

The critical role of the epidermal growth factor receptor in endochondral ossification

Loss of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) activity in mice alters growth plate development, impairs endochondral ossification, and retards growth. However, the detailed mechanism by which EGFR regulates endochondral bone formation is unknown. Here, we show that administration of an EGFR-specific small-molecule inhibitor, gefitinib, into 1-month-old rats for 7 days produced profound defects in long bone growth plate cartilage characterized by epiphyseal growth plate thickening and massive accumulation of hypertrophic chondrocytes. Immunostaining demonstrated that growth plate chondrocytes express EGFR, but endothelial cells and osteoclasts show little to no expression. Gefitinib did not alter chondrocyte proliferation or differentiation and vascular invasion into the hypertrophic cartilage. However, osteoclast recruitment and differentiation at the chondro-osseous junction were attenuated owing to decreased RANKL expression in the growth plate. Moreover, gefitinib treatment inhibited the expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMP-9, -13, and -14), increased the amount of collagen fibrils, and decreased degraded extracellular matrix products in the growth plate. In vitro, the EGFR ligand transforming growth factor α (TGF-α) strongly stimulated RANKL and MMPs expression and suppressed osteoprotegerin (OPG) expression in primary chondrocytes. In addition, a mouse model of cartilage-specific EGFR inactivation exhibited a similar phenotype of hypertrophic cartilage enlargement. Together our data demonstrate that EGFR signaling supports osteoclastogenesis at the chondro-osseous junction and promotes chondrogenic expression of MMPs in the growth plate. Therefore, we conclude that EGFR signaling plays an essential role in the remodeling of growth plate cartilage extracellular matrix into bone during endochondral ossification.     

Comparison of effective inspired concentration of sevoflurane in preterm infants with different postconceptual ages

Objective: Screening examination for retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) is stressful and painful to the neonate. Sevoflurane has been used successfully in anesthesia for full‐term and premature neonates and has been recently used for pediatric outpatient procedures. In this study, we examined the effective inspired concentration of sevoflurane to prevent movement in response to stimulation of examination in 50% of patients (EIC50) of sevoflurane, as well as the response of sevoflurane to age in the preterm outpatients undergoing fundus examination. Methods: Preterm pediatric outpatients at different postconceptual ages (duration from the mother’s last menstrual period to the date when the examination for ROP was performed) with <44 weeks (group A) and 44–64 weeks (group B) undergoing fundus examination were included. SpO₂ and ECG were monitored in operation room. In the process of anesthetic induction, the oxygen flow rates were 3 l·min^?1, and subjects spontaneously breathed 6% sevoflurane by mask. The time to loss of movement was recorded as induction time. Six percent sevoflurane was inhaled continuously for the same duration, and then the inspired concentration of sevoflurane was adjusted to maintenance concentration. When no movement or crying was observed, the speculums were used to keep the eyelids open, and then the eye examinations were performed by the same ophthalmologist. During induction time and maintenance time, the occurrence of coughing, clenching, gross purposeful movement, breath holding or desaturation to SpO₂ < 95% was recorded. After completion of the procedure, patients were observed in the same room until spontaneous eye opening or verbalization occurred. Up and down method was used to determine subsequent maintenance concentration in each group. The initial maintenance concentration was 3%. The gradient of increase or decrease was 0.5%. If the preceding subject had not moved, the sevoflurane concentration was decreased by 0.5%; if the preceding subject had moved, the concentration was increased by 0.5%. When at least six independent alternations from no‐movement to movement were observed, test was terminated. Results: Twenty‐four pediatric outpatients completed the investigation in group A. The effective inspired concentration prevented movement in response to stimulation of examination in 50% of patients (EIC50) of sevoflurane was 2.5% in group A. Twenty‐seven patients completed the investigation and EIC50 values of sevoflurane were 3.0% in group B. The induction time in group A was significantly lower than that in group B. The gestational ages, anesthesia time, and awake time were similar in two groups. Conclusion: Anesthesia with inhaled sevoflurane by a face mask can be accomplished in preterm outpatients undergoing fundus examination without intubation and i.v. accession. The EIC50 is lower, and the induction time is shorter in smaller aged patients compared with those in older ones.     

Differential effects of advanced glycation end-products on renal tubular cell inflammation

Aim: The authors recently showed that advanced glycation end‐products (AGE) in the form of glycated albumin (GA) upregulated renal tubular expression of interleukin (IL)‐8 and soluble intercellular adhesion molecule‐1 (sICAM‐1), but not other important cytokines known to mediate diabetic nephropathy. This implies that other molecules such as the carbonyl intermediates of AGE or other modified protein lysine‐albumin may participate in diabetic tubular injury. Methods: Human proximal tubular epithelial cells (PTEC) were growth‐arrested and exposed to methylglyoxal (MG), MG‐bovine serum albumin (BSA)‐AGE, carboxymethyllysine (CML)‐BSA, AGE‐BSA or BSA with or without prior addition of rosiglitazone that was previously shown to attenuate the pro‐inflammatory effect of GA alone. Results: MG‐BSA‐AGE and AGE‐BSA upregulated tubular expression of connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), transforming growth factor (TGF)‐β, and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), whereas CML‐BSA stimulated expression of IL‐6, CCL‐2, CTGF, TGF‐β and VEGF. These AGE compounds also activated nuclear factor (NF)‐κB and their effects were attenuated by pre‐incubation with anti‐RAGE antibody. MG and BSA did not affect the expression of any of these molecules. Rosiglitazone did not affect the in vitro biological effects of MG, MG‐BSA‐AGE, AGE‐BSA or CML‐BSA on PTEC. Conclusion: AGE exhibit differential inflammatory and fibrotic effects on PTEC via RAGE activation and NF‐κB signal transduction. Rosiglitazone had no effect on these responses. Further investigations on compounds that nullify the downstream effects of these AGE are warranted.     

CRRT人力资源配置与使用现状调查

目的了解肾内科CRRT护理人力资源配置现状,为CRRT护士的合理配置提供依据。方法采用跟班实测的方法对肾内科连续性肾脏替代治疗(CRRT)护理小组护士进行责任岗位工时测量,计算护理工时、护士人数及工作量饱和度。结果 CRRT护理小组每周工时数665h;以14名护士(11名在岗,3名在他科轮转或延后到岗)计算工作量饱和度为83.4%,日常工作饱和度为85.8%。结论肾内科CRRT护士岗位设置合理,工作量饱满,护士人力暂时缺编2.5人,另3人应尽快到位,以缓解全体CRRT护士的工作压力。     

腹腔镜辅助结肠次全切除经肛门取出标本治疗慢传输型便秘

目的：探讨腹腔镜辅助结肠次全切除、经肛门取出标本治疗慢传输型便秘的临床应用价值。方法回顾性分析2013年2-11月间行腹腔镜辅助结肠次全切除、经肛门取出标本并进行升结肠直肠吻合术的8例慢传输型便秘患者的临床资料。采用Wexner便秘与失禁评分来评估术后便秘情况,采用胃肠生活质量评分来评估术后生活质量。结果全组患者手术完成顺利,无肠瘘、盆腔感染、吻合口狭窄、术后肠梗阻和肛门失禁等并发症发生。手术时间（287．6±21．5） min,术中出血量（109．7±41．1） ml,术后肛门排气时间（2．5±0．9） d。患者术后便秘症状评分为4.7±1.9,较术前的15.1±2.8明显降低（P＜0．05）。术后胃肠生活质量评分为97．3±15．7,较术前的71．5±14．7明显提高（P＜0．05）;术后Wexner便秘与失禁评分为8．8±3．7,较术前20．4±5．7明显降低（P＜0．05）。结论腹腔镜辅助结肠次全切除、经肛门取出标本并进行升结肠直肠吻合术治疗慢传输型便秘,近期疗效满意,生活质量改善明显。     

Changes of adiponectin and its receptors in rats following chronic renal failure

Objective: To investigate changes of adiponectin and its receptors (Adipo R) in rats following chronic renal failure. Methods: Male SD rats were randomly divided into two groups: control group and chronic renal failure (CRF) group. The CRF group were gavaged with adenine (300?mg/kg/d) for 4 weeks and the control group with drinking water. All rats were anesthetized at 2nd or 4th week and blood and urine samples were collected for detection of renal function, 24?h urine protein and adiponectin concentration. Renal tissues were also collected for HE staining, immunohistochemistry and RT-PCR screening. Results: Compared with control group, the serum concentrations of urea and creatinine, 24?h urine protein excretion in the CRF group were significantly higher at 2nd week and further increased at 4th week (p?0.05). The adiponectin levels in serum and urine in the CRF group were significantly higher than those of control group (p?0.01). The renal expressions of Adipo R1 and Adipo R2 in CRF group were also significantly increased compared to control group (p?0.01). The increased expressions of Adipo R1 and Adipo R2 were positively related to the adiponectin levels in serum, urine, and 24?h urine protein. Conclusion: The significant changes in expression of adiponectin and its receptors in rat CRF model could be an adaptive response that may provide the basis to understand pathological changes in chronic kidney disease.     

多种激光联合治疗睑分裂痣的疗效观察

目的:观察多种激光联合治疗睑分裂痣的临床疗效与安全性,以为提高睑分裂痣治愈率提高可行性方案。方法:对20例睑分裂痣患者进行超脉冲CO2、调Q755nm激光和810nm半导体激光联合治疗。先采用超脉冲CO2激光治疗仪对皮损进行轻微的剥脱性治疗,治疗达一定深度后再用调Q755nm激光治疗,如果分裂痣表面有毛发,待皮损颜色恢复正常或明显减退后用810nm半导体激光进行脱毛治疗。每次间隔时间3~6月。治疗结束后6个月进行随访,以统计治疗效果,同时记录不良反应。结果:所有患者经过1~3次联合治疗后,痊愈11例(55%),显效8例(40%),好转1例(5%),总有效率100%。2例出现浅表瘢痕,1例出现轻度色素脱失。结论:采用超脉冲CO2激光、调Q755nm激光和810nm半导体脱毛激光联合治疗睑分裂痣,操作简单,疗效显著,安全性高,值得临床上推广。     

股神经联合椎旁神经阻滞在高龄患者髋关节手术中的应用

目的 评价股神经、胸腰椎旁神经联合阻滞在高龄患者髋关节手术的应用价值. 方法 将65例行髋关节术的70岁以上患者按抽签法随机分为全身麻醉（general anesthesia,GA）组、椎旁神经阻滞（paravertebral block,PVB）组,PVB组分别于股神经和T12、L3椎体行PVB,采用周围神经刺激器定位,局麻药为0.375％罗哌卡因与1％利多卡因混合液10 ml,并留置导管.GA组采用全凭静脉全身复合麻醉.比较两组患者手术开始30 min、手术结束时的平均动脉压（mean arterial pressure,MAP）、心率（heart rate,HR）和心肌氧耗指数以及术后送重症监护病房（intensive care unit,ICU）、留置导尿、视觉模拟评分（visual analogue scale,VAS）、复苏室评分、术后下呼吸道感染情况. 结果 两组患者术前一般情况、美国麻醉医师协会（ASA）分级、手术时间、MAP、HR和心肌氧耗指数差异无统计学意义.手术开始30 min HR和心肌氧耗指数GA组比PVB组低（P＜0.05）,HR分别为（68±11）次/min和（80±11）次/min、心肌氧耗指数（8 807±1 883）和（10 362±2 433）.与麻醉前比较,两组患者MAP、HR和心肌氧耗指数的变化均显著降低（P＜0.05）.PVB组在手术后的MAP、HR和心肌氧耗指数均低于GA组（P＜0.05）,MAP分别为（88±12） mmHg（1 mmHg=0.133 kPa）和（101±15） mmHg、HR（75±11）次/min和（84±19）次/min、心肌氧耗指数（9 706±2 009）和（12 687±4 119）.与麻醉前比较PVB组MAP、HR及心肌氧耗指数低于术前（P＜0.05）,GA组差异无统计学意义.PVB减少术后需送ICU、下呼吸道感染及留置导尿人数,与GA比较,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）. 结论 股神经、胸腰椎旁神经联合阻滞可以安全有效地应用于高龄患者的髋关节手术,其生理干扰轻微,且术后需送ICU及留置导尿概率小,有效降低下呼吸道感染,有效降低心肌氧耗指数,提高了术后患者的安全性和舒适度.     

右美托咪定减轻肺叶切除术患者单肺通气相关肺损伤

目的 评价右美托咪定对胸腔镜肺叶切除术中单肺通气相关肺损伤时转化生长因子（TGF）-β/果蝇MAD类似基因(Smad)信号通路的影响。
方法 选取2018年6月至2019年6月择期全麻下拟行胸腔镜下肺叶切除术患者886例,男444例,女442例,年龄40~65岁,BMI 20～24 kg/m²,ASA Ⅰ或Ⅱ级。采用随机数字表法分为两组：右美托咪定组(D组)和对照组(C组)。每组443例。D组于麻醉诱导前10 min以1.0 μg/kg静脉输注右美托咪定负荷剂量,随后以0.3 μg·kg^-1·h^-1速率输注至术毕前30 min,C组静脉输注等容量的生理盐水。于单肺通气即刻（T₀）、单肺通气15 min（T₁）、30 min（T₂）、60 min(T₃)、双肺通气后1 h（T₄）时采集动脉和静脉血2 ml,行血气分析并计算氧合指数（OI）和肺内分流率(Qs/Qt)。HE染色观察肺组织,计算肺湿干重(W/D)比值和肺病理学损伤评分。采用Western blot 法检测肺组织TGF-β1、Smad2、Smad3、IL-6和TNF-α。记录术后48 h内肺炎、肺不张和呼吸衰竭的发生情况,记录术后住院时间。
结果 与C组比较,D组T₁—T₄ 时OI明显升高,Qs/Qt明显降低(P<0.05),W/D比值明显降低,肺病理学损伤评分明显降低(P<0.05),肺组织TGF-β1、Smad2、Smad3、IL-6和TNF-α明显降低(P<0.05),术后肺炎、肺不张并发症的发生率明显降低(P<0.05),术后住院时间明显缩短(P<0.05)。
结论 右美托咪定可降低胸腔镜肺叶切除术患者肺组织TGF-β1、Smad2、Smad3、IL-6和TNF-α,从而减轻急性肺损伤。