开放实验室的初步探讨

开放实验室是近年来高校实验教学改革的新举措,本文从管理的角度阐述了开放实验室在实验教学改革中对培养学生的实践能力、创新意识、个性化发展等方面发挥的重要作用。从实验时间、实验内容以及仪器设备共享等方面进行了重点讨论。     

前路槽式减压长方体髂骨植骨固定治疗颈椎骨折

颈椎骨折常合并有不同程度的脊髓神经功能损伤及颈椎不稳定,对颈脊髓损伤治疗的目的是恢复颈椎的生理解剖关系,重建脊柱的稳定性,防止神经组织的继发性损伤,促进神经功能的恢复,早期无痛情况下的功能康复。2000年8月至2004年8月应用前路槽式减压自体长方体髂骨植骨钛合金钢板固定治疗下颈椎骨折46例,效果满意,总结如下。1临床资料本组46例,均为男性,年龄21~62岁,平均47·3岁。受伤原因:交通事故伤26例,坠落伤20例。骨折部位:C33例,C412例,C516例,C610例,C4、C5同时骨折5例。骨折类型:垂直压缩性骨折4例,屈曲型压缩性骨折23例,过伸型压缩…     

HIV感染患者颅内病变的MRI表现分析

人类免疫缺陷病毒(human immunedeficiency virus,HIV)感染后病毒携带者在发病后出现神经系统受累者占39%~65%,而尸检发现中枢神经系统(central nervous systern,CNS)受累率高达73%~90%,AIDS累及CNS的影像检查方法首选MRI,其对病变检出率高,增强MRI可进一步显示病变,发现血脑屏障破坏。本文总结9例经实验室血清学检查HIV阳性患者颅内病变的MRI表现并结合临床进行分析。1材料与方法本组9例中,男6例,女3例,年龄20~49岁,平均36岁。临床表现9例患者有不同程度头痛、头晕,意识及肢体活动障碍,3例有发热,3例有吸毒史。实验室检查:血清H…     

Enhanced dispersion of atrial refractoriness as an electrophysiological substrate for vulnerability to atrial fibrillation in patients with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation.

Atrial electrical remodeling plays a part in recurrence of atrial fibrillation (AF). It has been related to an increase in heterogeneity of atrial refractoriness that facilitates the occurrence of multiple reentry wavelets and vulnerability to AF. AIM: To examine the relationship between dispersion of atrial refractoriness (Disp_A) and vulnerability to AF induction (A_Vuln) in patients with clinical paroxysmal AF (PAF). METHODS: Thirty-six patients (22 male; age 55+/-13 years) with > or =1 year of history of PAF (no underlying structural heart disease--n=20, systemic hypertension--n=14, mitral valve prolapse--n=1, surgically corrected pulmonary stenosis--n=1), underwent electrophysiological study (EPS) while off medication. The atrial effective refractory period (AERP) was assessed at five different sites--high (HRA) and low (LRA) lateral right atrium, high interatrial septum (IAS), proximal (pCS) and distal (dCS) coronary sinus--during a cycle length of 600 ms. AERP was taken as the longest S1-S2 interval that failed to initiate a propagation response. Disp_A was calculated as the difference between the longest and shortest AERP. A_Vuln was defined as the ability to induce AF with 1-2 extrastimuli or with incremental atrial pacing (600-300 ms) from the HRA or dCS. The EPS included analysis of focal electrical activity based on the presence of supraventricular ectopic beats (spontaneous or with provocative maneuvers). The patients were divided into group A--AF inducible (n=25) and group B--AF not inducible (n=11). Disp_A was analyzed to determine any association with A_Vuln. Disp_A and A_Vuln were also examined in those patients with documented repetitive focal activity. Logistic regression was used to determine any association of the following variables with A_Vuln: age, systemic hypertension, left ventricular hypertrophy, left atrial size, left ventricular function, duration of PAF, documented atrial flutter/tachycardia and Disp_A. RESULTS: There were no significant differences between the groups with regard to clinical characteristics and echocardiographic data. AF was inducible in 71% of the patients and noninducible in 29%. Group A had greater Disp_A compared to group B (105+/-78 ms vs. 49+/-20 ms; p=0.01). Disp_A was >40 ms in 50% of the patients without A_Vuln and in 91% of those with A_Vuln (p=0.05). Focal activity was demonstrated in 14 cases (39%), 57% of them with A_Vuln. Disp_A was 56+/-23 ms in this group and 92+/-78 ms in the others (p=0.07). Using logistic regression, the only predictor of A_Vuln was Disp_A (p=0.05). CONCLUSION: In patients with paroxysmal AF, Disp_A is a major determinant of A_Vuln. Nevertheless, the degree of nonuniformity of AERP appears to be less important as an electrophysiological substrate for AF due to focal activation.     

肌萎缩侧索硬化合并颈椎病的临床特点分析

目的:探讨肌萎缩侧索硬化ALS合并颈椎病患者的临床特征。方法:对75例ALS患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析,并对合并颈椎病的ALS患者与未合并颈椎病的ALS患者的临床特点进行比较。结果:合并颈椎病的ALS患者与未合并颈椎病的ALS患者的发病年龄、性别比例与临床特点差异均无统计学意义。结论:ALS可以并合颈椎病,颈椎病对ALS的发病年龄、临床特点无明显影响。     

慢性硬膜下血肿术后并发症原因分析及应对措施

目的探讨慢性硬膜下血肿（chronic subdural hematoma，CSDH）术后并发症的原因及应对措施。方法回顾2000年至2004年手术治疗的85例CSDH患者，并结合有关文献进行相关分析。结果术后血肿复发3例，张力性气颅1例，脑挫裂1例，硬膜外血肿3例，脑脊液漏1例，脑内血肿1例。结论认识CSDH术后并发症的原因，早期采取有效措施，可有效预防并发症。     

Estimation of salt intake by urinary sodium excretion in a Portuguese adult population and its relationship to arterial stiffness.

BACKGROUND: Portugal has one of the highest mortality rates from stroke, a high prevalence of hypertension and probably a high salt intake level. AIM: To evaluate Portuguese salt intake levels and their relationship to blood pressure and arterial stiffness in a sample of four different adult populations living in northern Portugal. METHODS: A cross-sectional study evaluating 24-hour urinary excretion of sodium (24 h UNa+), potassium and creatinine, blood pressure (BP), and pulse wave velocity (PWV) as an index of aortic stiffness in adult populations of sustained hypertensives (HT), relatives of patients with previous stroke (Fam), university students (US) and factory workers (FW), in the context of their usual dietary habits. RESULTS: We evaluated a total of 426 subjects, mean age 50 +/- 22 years, 56% female, BMI 27.9+/-5.1, BP 159/92 mmHg, PWV 10.4+/-2.2 m/s, who showed mean 24h UNa+ of 202 +/- 64 mmol/d, corresponding to a daily salt intake of 12.3 g (ranging from 5.2 to 24.8). The four groups were: HT: n = 245, 49 +/- 18 years, 92% of those selected, 69% treated, BP 163/94 mmHg, PWV 11.9 m/s, 24 h UNa+ 212 mmol/d, i.e. 12.4 g/d of salt); Fam: n = 38, 64 +/- 20 years, 57 % of those selected, BP 144/88 mmHg, PWV 10.5 m/s, 24 h UNa+ 194 mmol/d, i.e. 11.1 g/d of salt; US: n = 82, 22 +/- 3 years, 57% of those selected, BP 124/77 mmHg, PWV 8.7 m/s, 24h UNa+ 199 mmol/d, i.e. 11.3 g/d of salt; FW: n = 61, 39 9 years, 47% of those selected, BP 129/79 mmHg, PWV 9.5 m/s, 24 h UNa+ 221 mmol/d, i.e. 12.9 g/d of salt. The ratio of urinary sodium/potassium excretion (1.9 (0.4) was significantly higher in HT than the other three groups. In the 426 subjects, 24h UNa+ correlated significantly (p < 0.01) with systolic BP (r = 0.209) and with PWV (r=0.256) after adjustment for age and BP. Multivariate analysis showed that BP, age and 24h UNa+ correlated independently with PWV taken as a dependent variable. CONCLUSIONS: Four different Portuguese populations showed similarly high mean daily salt intake levels, almost double those recommended by the WHO. Overall, high urinary sodium excretion correlated consistently with high BP levels and appeared to be an independent determining factor of arterial stiffness. These findings suggest that Portugal in general has a high salt intake diet, and urgent measures are required to restrict salt consumption in order to prevent and treat hypertensive disease and to reduce overall cardiovascular risk and events.     

Cardiovascular protection from alcoholic drinks: scientific basis of the French Paradox.

This article discusses the cardiovascular protection afforded by low to moderate consumption of ethanol and the role of ethanol-induced preconditioning. Ethanol, a compound that is found in many popular beverages, has a whole range of cardiovascular protective effects when consumed in low to moderate doses. Although they have yet to be totally clarified, recent data suggest that a combination of several actions at the biochemical and molecular levels play a role in this protection. These include favorable changes in lipid metabolism, antioxidant effects, changes in hemostasis and platelet aggregation, arterial vasodilation mediated by NO release, induction of the expression of cardioprotective proteins, insulin sensitization and lower levels of inflammatory markers. Special emphasis will be given to ethanol-induced preconditioning. Some of the compounds present in red and white wine, such as resveratrol and quercetin, are also partly responsible for some of the cardioprotective effects of alcoholic drinks. These are due to antioxidant effects and changes in platelet aggregation, endothelial function and inflammatory response. The last part of the paper will focus on the clinical applications and possibilities raised by these new findings.