Performance and comparison of the Cockcroft-Gault and simplified Modification of Diet in Renal Disease formulae in estimating glomerular filtration rate in a Chinese Type 2 diabetic population.

AIMS: Our aim was to assess performances of the Cockcroft-Gault and simplified Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) formulae in estimating glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in Chinese diabetic populations and their association with vascular risks. METHODS: A total of 1009 patients with Type 2 diabetes were categorized into low estimated GFR groups (GFR < 60 ml/min/1.73 m(2)) and control groups by the two equations. The performances of these formulae were assessed at different stages of kidney function. Carotid artery intima-media thickness (IMT) and the prevalence of diabetic retinopathy or albuminuria were compared among the groups. The ability of these formulae to identify established vascular risk markers using sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values were also compared. RESULTS: The prevalence of low estimated GFR was 32.7% with the Cockcroft-Gault formula and 5.2% with the MDRD formula, respectively. In low estimated GFR subjects by the MDRD formula, IMT was significantly thicker than those by the Cockcroft-Gault formula (1.2 mm vs. 1.0 mm; P < 0.05), with a higher prevalence of albuminuria (78.4 vs. 52.8%, P < 0.05) and diabetic retinopathy (46.5 vs. 30.5%; P < 0.05). The Cockcroft-Gault formula gave a specificity of 71.7% and a sensitivity of 37.0%, and the MDRD formula gave a specificity of 96.6% and a sensitivity of 7.9% in estimating low GFR relevant for established vascular risks. CONCLUSIONS: These formulae performed differently in Chinese diabetic populations. The simplified MDRD formula is minimally superior to the Cockcroft-Gault formula for its high specificity and positive predictive values in estimating low GFR relevant for vascular risks.     

老年人自我护理研究进展

介绍自我护理、自我护理能力的概念，老年人自我护理能力的评价工具，并重点阐述影响老年人自我护理的相关因素，为提高老年人自我护理能力提供依据。     

创伤性浮膝伴血管损伤的早期诊治

目的 探讨创伤性浮膝同时伴同侧血管损伤患者的早期诊断及救治.方法 总结1996年6月～2002年12月收治28例30个浮膝的手术固定方法、血管修复情况及术后治疗和恢复情况.结果 术后伤口一期愈合5例,17例伤口二期行植皮修复,4例胫前骨折部外露二期行皮瓣转移术,截肢2例,保肢成功率92.9%.术后26例经18个月～8年随访,骨折均愈合,下肢功能恢复优良率64.3%.结论 对浮膝损伤患者应高度重视伴有血管损伤可能,早期作出诊断,积极合理治疗,对患者预后至关重要.     

瘦素、C-反应蛋白与老年急性冠脉综合征患者的相关研究

目的探讨急性冠脉综合征(ACS)患者血浆瘦素(LP)及C-反应蛋白(CRP)水平的变化及其临床意义。方法测定急性心肌梗死组(AMI组)、不稳定型心绞痛组(UA组)、对照组(健康体检者)血浆LP及CRP浓度,分析LP、CRP与病情严重程度的关系以及LP与CRP的相关性。结果AMI组、UA组患者血浆LP、CRP浓度较对照组显著升高(P<0.01),2组患者血浆LP与CRP浓度之间均呈显著正相关;AMI组血浆LP、CRP浓度比UA组明显升高(P<0.05)。结论血浆LP及CRP浓度与ACS病情严重性呈正相关,且LP与CRP浓度呈正相关。说明LP与CRP共同参与组织炎症反应,是ACS重要的危险因素及预测因子。     

Study of Laser Ocular Effect and Damage

In this paper, the characteristics and regularities of acute ocular injuries by direct laser exposure are briefly reviewed, typical cases of ocular injuries from accidental laser exposure are reported, and laser occupational harm to the eye are discussed on the basis of epidemic investigation of personnel engaged in laser work.     

Influence of moderate hypothermia on cerebral oxygenation in pigs with intracranial hypertension

BACKGROUND: Moderate hypothermia is one of the effective therapeutic methods for head injury in recent years, there are many mechanisms of moderate hypothermia for brain protection, and its influence on cerebral oxygenation is also one of them. OBJECTIVE: To observe the influence of moderate hypothermia on cerebral oxygenation of animals with acute intracranial hypertension, and further investigate the protective mechanism of moderate hypothermia. DESIGN: A randomized controlled trial. SETTING: Department of Neurosurgery, Renji Hospital affiliated to the Medical College of Shanghai Jiao Tong University. MATERIALS: Twenty healthy little pigs, either male or female, weighing 4.5–5.5 kg, were used. Neurotrend-typed multiparameter monitoring system (Diametrics Company, British); CMA/100 micro-injection pump (Carnegie Company, Sweden). METHODS: The experiment was conducted in the Changzheng Hospital affiliated to the Second Military Medical University of Chinese PLA in November, 2001. The pigs were randomized into two groups: the normothermia group (control group, n =10) and moderate hypothermia group (n =10). ① Bilateral femoral arteries were separated, one was connected to pressometer for monitoring mean arterial pressure (MEP), and the other for analysis of blood gases [including peripheral blood pH value, arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PaCO2), arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PaCO2), HCO3–]. ② Rectal temperature was monitored with mercurial thermometer. ③ Intracranial pressure was monitored using Camino optic ICP probe placed in the subdural space. ④ Neurotrend multiparameter monitoring sensor was inserted into the white matter for about 4 cm to determine cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP, CPP=MAP(ICP), brain tissue partial oxygen pressure (PO2), partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PCO2), HCO3– and brain temperature. The rectal temperature of animals in the moderate hypothermia group was lowered to 34 ℃ using ice bags, and the body temperature was maintained at 33–35 ℃ for 2 hours. The changes of the parameters were observed continuously, and the pigs in the normothermia group were not treated with cooling. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: ① MAP, ICP, rectal temperature, CCP; Indexes of cerebral oxygenation detected with Neurotrend-typed multiparameter monitoring system; ② Results of blood gases analysis in the moderate hypothermia group. RESULTS: All the 20 pigs were involved in the analysis of results. ① MAP, ICP, rectal temperature, CCP and indexes of cerebral oxygenation: In the moderate hypothermia group, the ICP after cooling was obviously lower than that before cooling [(3.31±1.19), (5.33±0.95) kPa, P < 0.05], CCP was higher, brain tissue PCO2 [(12.03±1.73), (10.59±2.01) kPa, P < 0.05], and brain tissue pH value was higher [(7.03±1.63), (9.40±1.30) kPa, P < 0.05], whereas the brain temperature was decreased as compared with that before cooling [(34.9±0.3), (37.2±0.2) ℃, P < 0.05]. ② Results of blood gases analysis in the moderate hypothermia group: There were no significant differences in the parameters of peripheral arterial blood gases analysis before and after cooling in the moderate hypothermia group (P > 0.05) CONCLUSION: Moderate hypothermia will not impair the cerebral oxygenation, and it can reduce brain tissue CO2 and decrease brain tissue acidosis.     

妇科腹部手术病人留置尿管时机选择的探讨

目的:探讨妇科病人腹部手术前留置尿管的时机选择.方法:通过对2007年4-6月60名手术患者术前在病房留王尿管和2007年7～9月60名手术患者在手术室麻醉后留置尿管进行对比.结果:两组病人对比对插尿管的紧张焦虑反应、疼痛不适的感受、一次插管成功率有差异性.结论:麻醉后留置尿管可明显减轻紧张焦虑、疼痛不适和提高一次插管成功率,使病人有一个良好的手术状态.     

Hepatitis B immunity in adolescents and necessity for boost vaccination: 23 years after nationwide hepatitis B virus vaccination program in Taiwan

The first universal hepatitis B vaccination program for newborns in the world was launched in Taiwan in July 1984. Most studies on the effectiveness of hepatitis B vaccination focused on the seroprevalence of HBs Ag among children under 14 years old. Only few studies focused on the seropositivity of anti-HBs among adolescents aged 15–18 years old. The present study aimed to evaluate the impact of the nationwide hepatitis B vaccination program on the immunity to HBV infection and the necessity of boost among adolescents. In this study including eight annual seroprevalence surveys from 2000 to 2007, 2342 college entrants (1589 15-year-olds in group I and 753 18-year-olds in group II) and 1851 university freshmen (18-year-olds in group III) participated. Subjects identified anti-HBs, HBs Ag and anti-HBc negative were given boost three doses of HBV vaccine. The HBs Ag seroprevalence was 11.6%, 3.5% and 1.0% for participants who were born before 1984, 1984–1986 and after 1986. The anti-HBs-seropositive rates were significantly higher in group II (83.1%) than in group I (53.0%) and group III (53.5%). All 572 participants who were seronegative for anti-HBs, HBs Ag and anti-HBc became anti-HBs-seropositive after catch-up vaccination. It is concluded that the anti-HBs-seropositive rate decreased to 50% in 15 years after vaccination, and boost vaccination was 100% effective. The necessity and age for boost among anti-HBs negative adolescents and the timing of the first immunization should be further evaluated.     

36例胰腺浆液性囊腺瘤的临床分析

目的：探讨胰腺浆液性囊腺瘤的诊断和治疗。方法：对1998年6月至2006年9月瑞金医院收治的36例病理诊断为胰腺浆液性囊腺瘤的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果：胰腺浆液性囊腺瘤好发于中老年女性,多见于胰腺头颈部,无特征性临床表现。B超和CT诊断囊性肿瘤的正确率分别为69%（25/36）和94%（34/36）。CT对于囊腺瘤的诊断正确率为80%（29/36）,对浆液性囊腺瘤的诊断正确率为61%（22/36）。在不能排除或考虑实性假乳头状瘤的病人中MRI对于囊腺瘤的诊断正确率80%（4/5）。本组35例行手术治疗,其中7例行胰十二指肠切除;11例行胰腺节段切除;12例行胰体尾切除;5例行局部切除,1例行剖腹探查活组织检查。10例术后出现并发症,包括胰瘘、内出血、幽门梗阻、胰腺假性囊肿合并肠瘘病人及不同程度的胸腔积液。1例因内出血死亡。本组3例失访,32例获随访,除2例因其它疾病死亡,其余均健在,术后无复发。结论：CT和MRI,结合肿瘤学指标和临床病理特征可大大提高浆液性囊腺瘤的术前诊断率。浆液性囊腺瘤是一种良性的肿瘤,但手术治疗并发症较多。大多数浆液性囊腺瘤可考虑随访;有症状的胰腺浆液性囊腺瘤,或与黏液性囊性肿瘤不能鉴别者,应手术治疗。     

CFTR stabilizes ENaC at the plasma membrane

CFTR was reported to regulate ENaC channel opening, decreasing ENaC activity in airways and increasing it in sweat ducts. We generated MDCK-I cell lines stably expressing tagged alphabetagammaENaC+CFTR or ENaC alone, and developed an assay to quantify cell-surface half-life of ENaC. Surprisingly, we found that co-expressed CFTR stabilizes ENaC at the plasma membrane, suggesting that CFTR regulates ENaC stability, not just opening.