脓毒症的诊断与治疗

近年来对于脓毒症及其并发症的认识和治疗研究有了很大进展,但严重的脓毒症、脓毒性休克的死亡率仍高达30%~50%,特别是真菌菌血症病死率高达50%。本文概述脓毒症的概念和诊断,着重从早期目标治疗、血管收缩药物的应用、抗生素的使用、控制感染源、肾上腺皮质激素的应用、机械通气策略、重组人活化蛋白C的应用、镇静剂和止痛剂及神经肌肉阻断剂的使用、脓毒症的辅助治疗和支持治疗等方面阐述脓毒症的治疗进展。希望能引起临床工作者对脓毒症的重视,提高脓毒症患者的生存率。     

他汀类药物对肝功能影响的研究

目的观察他汀类药物对肝功能的影响,探讨定期检测肝功能的必要性。方法选择2004年9月至2005年3月门诊就诊心血管病患者,了解其所用他汀类药物的种类和剂量,每月复查血脂水平和肝功能。结果所用他汀类药物有辛伐他汀、普伐他汀、洛伐他汀和阿托伐他汀,常用剂量为10～20mg/d,治疗后总胆固醇和低密度脂蛋白胆固醇显著降低,而肝酶在治疗前、后无显著变化,肝酶升高3倍以上者所占比例低。结论他汀类药物在低剂量应用时对肝脏损伤小,没有必要频繁监测肝功能。     

冠状动脉心肌桥的临床特点与治疗

目的探讨冠状动脉心肌桥的冠脉造影特点、临床意义及治疗方法。方法回顾性分析293例冠状动脉造影中检出的8例心肌桥患者的临床资料。结果共检出心肌桥8例,均位于前降支,心肌桥发生率为2.7%,心肌桥长度8～25mm,平均14.5mm。依据Nobel分级法,Ⅰ级3例,Ⅱ级4例,Ⅲ级1例。1例Ⅲ级患者同时并发冠脉粥样硬化,病变位于回旋支中段,狭窄<50%。8例患者应用β受体阻滞剂或钙拮抗剂治疗后症状均明显缓解。结论选择性冠脉造影可用于心肌桥的诊断,心肌桥可能引起心肌缺血表现,应用β受体阻滞剂或钙拮抗剂等药物治疗有效。     

Translocation between chromosome 5q35 and chromosome 11q13 – an unusual cytogenetic finding in a primary refractory acute myeloid leukemia

Cytogenetic abnormalities are observed in approximately two‐thirds of patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Chromosome rearrangements are associated with specific subtypes of AML and associated prognosis. We report a patient with AML, M2, who was primarily refractory to standard induction chemotherapy with idarubicin and cytarabine. Flow cytometry of a bone marrow aspirate showed aberrant expression of B‐cell markers including CD19. Cytogenetic studies disclosed a translocation between 5q35 and 11q13. Fluorescence in situ hybridization analyses demonstrated that neither the NSD1 nor MLL genes were involved in this case. Further study is required to define conclusively the genes involved and their contribution to pathogenesis in this case.     

肺癌胸膜早期种植转移:螺旋CT与手术病理对照研究

目的:评价CT诊断肺癌胸膜早期种植转移的价值,并分析漏诊原因。方法:回顾性分析43例经手术病理确诊肺癌胸膜种植转移的CT、手术病理资料,作对照研究。结果:43例中,术前CT仅诊断8例,其中Ⅲ级5例,Ⅱ级3例,诊断符合率19%(8/43),CT实际显示胸膜转移结节28例,其中Ⅰ级10例、Ⅱ级13例,Ⅲ级5例,未显示Ⅰ级15例,CT检出率为65%(28/43)。28例中,术前CT漏诊Ⅰ级和Ⅱ级各10例,漏诊率71%(20/28)。20例中,CT漏诊叶间胸膜、肺表面脏层胸膜、纵隔胸膜、肋胸膜、膈胸膜转移,漏诊率分别为0%、33%、36%、43%、80%。结论:CT能准确检出、诊断肺癌中晚期胸膜转移,但检出胸膜早期微小病灶有明显局限性,在CT诊断中,忽视对膈胸膜、肋胸膜、肺表面脏胸膜上Ⅰ、Ⅱ级较早转移灶的观察,是导致漏诊的原因之一。     

高海拔地区精神分裂症患考临床特征分析

目的:了解高海拔环境对精神分裂症的影响。方法:对106例高海拔地区精神分裂症患者(高海拔组)的临床特征、疗效、药物副作用进行调查,与同期106例平原精神分裂症患者(平原组)对照。结果:高海拔组临床症状以幻觉、疑病妄想、夸大妄想、紧张冲动行为及焦虑、抑郁等精神症状出现频率较高,而对照组以被害妄想、情感淡漠等精神症状出现频率较高(P<0.01或P<0.05);入院时高海拔组总体病情较重(P<0.01);两组间疗效无显著性差异;高海拔组药物不良反应多于平原组。结论:高海拔地区精神分裂症患者临床特征、总体病情严重程度、药物不良反应与平原地区有一定区别,可能与高海拔环境有关。     

胎儿期完全型大动脉转位超声诊断的特征

目的探讨胎儿完全型大动脉转位(C-TGA)超声心动图的特征及诊断价值。方法分析6例经手术或尸解证实的C-TGA的新生儿超声心动图检查,并回顾分析其胎儿期漏诊误诊原因,总结胎儿C-TGA超声心动图的诊断体会。结果6例新生儿大动脉转位,其中胎儿期超声漏诊5例,误诊1例。其中产前仅诊断室间隔缺损或右室双出口,经出生后手术证实的C-TGA4例,尸解证实C-TGA 1例。结论C-TGA在胎儿期已有明确超声声像特征,加强医师对先天性心脏病知识的系统学习,降低漏诊误诊率是提高筛查质量的关键。     

卵巢子宫内膜异位囊肿粘连程度及相关因素分析

Objective To investigate the relationship between degree of endometrioma adhesions and clinical feature, surgical treatment and postoperative recurrence. Methods From Jan 2003 to Mar 2008, 662 patients with endometrioma undergoing laparoscopic ovarian endometrioma excision in Peking Union Medical College Hospital were studied retrospectively. All patients were classified into four groups according to the extent of adhesions: 31 cases in none adhesions group, 123 cases in mild adhesions group (filmy thickness, avascular, easily separated adhesions), 310 cases in moderate adhesions group (less than a half of ovary was adjacent to dense thickness adhesions which was difficult to separate, or above a half of ovary were adjacent to filmy thickness adhesions) and 198 cases in severe adhesions group (above a half of ovary was adjacent to dense thickness, well vascularized adhesions which was difficult to separate, and always involved the other pelvic organs, observed angiogenesis). The comparison of degree, characteristics, period of pain, lab test, surgical management and postoperative recurrence was performed among those above groups. In the mean time, risk factors and multinomial logistic regression were analyzed. Results (1)Clinical characteristics: The incidence of patients with dysmenorrhea, dyspareunia, straining feeling in anus, chronic pelvic pain and the level of CA125 (>35 kU/L) was remarkably higher in moderate-to-severe adhesion groups than in none-to-mild adhesions groups (P=0.000, 0.000, 0.001, 0.006 and 0.000, respectively). Infertility rate were significantly higher in severe adhesions group(15.7%,31/198) than none adhesions group(3.2%,1/31), mild adhesions group(11.4%,14/123) and moderate adhesions group(9.7%,30/310, OR=1.728, P<0.05).(2)Operating time and blood loss: Operating time of each groups was as followed: (37±15) min in none adhesions group, (42±19) min in mild adhesions group, (50±20) min in moderate adhesions group and (63±22) min in severe adhesion group. Blood loss was (23±12) ml in none adhesion group, (31±27) ml in mild adhesion group, (40±32) ml in moderate adhesion group and (70±67) ml in severe adhesions group. Thicker adhesions result in longer operation time and more blood loss. (3)Combined with other disease: The ratio of patients who combined with adenomyosis or deeply infiltrating endometriosis in moderate-to-severer adhesion groups was higher than patients in none-to-mild adhesions groups (OR=3.466, P=0.000). (4) Postoperative recurrence: It was categorized into recurrence of pain and cyst. Moderate-to-severe adhesions was related to higher recurrence rate of pain (OR=1.685,P=0.046), but was irrelevant to recurrence of cyst. Conclusion The more extent of endometrioma adhesions was related to severer pelvic pain symptoms, longer operating time and more blood loss. Postoperative pain recurrence rate was observed in moderate-to-severe adhesion group. Extent of adhesions was irrelevant to cyst recurrence.     

现代教育技术在执业药师远程继续教育中的应用研究

利用计算机技术，搭建执业药师网上远程继续教育的平台，将主管部门审核的有关执业药师继续教育的教学内容放到网上，供参加执业药师继续教育的人员浏览学习。通过加强管理，严格考核，变传统教学模式为现代教育方式，实现教育的个性化，有效提高执业药师的继续教育质量。     

谷氨酸对腺苷A2A受体调节一氧化氮合酶活力的影响

目的探讨谷氨酸是否能够影响腺苷A2A受体对一氧化氮合酶（NOS）活力的调节。方法用1000ng／ml脂多糖（LPS）刺激小胶质细胞，分别加入100nmol／L A2A受体激动剂CGS21680以及不同浓度的谷氨酸（0，1，0，25，0，5mmol／L）干预，观察NOS活力变化。结果LPS诱导NOS活力增高，激活A2A受体可以产生抑制作用；0，25及0．5mmoL／L谷氨酸和A2A受体激动剂同时存在时，NOS活力进一步增高。结论高浓度谷氨酸可逆转腺苷A2A受体激动剂抑制升高NOS活力的作用。