Electron beam therapy for eyelid carcinomas

Forty-six (85%) basal cell and eight (15%) squamous cell carcinomas of the eyelids were treated with electron beams between 1963 and 1983. Lesion sizes ranged from microscopic to 4 cm, with 28 lesions larger than 1 cm. Thirty-eight lesions were treated with radiotherapy after incisional biopsy, and 16 were treated after excisional biopsy (specimens showed positive margins). Doses varied from 45 to 72 Gy, with daily fractions ranging from 2.12 to 4.0 Gy. There were six disease recurrences (10.9%): three in the treatment field and three at the treatment margin. Four of six recurrences were subsequently controlled by limited surgical excision and repair with preservation of the eye, whereas the other two required enucleation. Treatment sequelae such as skin atrophy, telangiectasis, and cosmetic results were evaluated in terms of radiotherapy parameters, pretreatment surgery, and size of the lesion. In 44 patients, the overall cosmetic result was judged as good to excellent, five patients had a mild to modest degree of deformity, and five had significant deformity. Such deformity was usually associated with tumor destruction or previous surgery. No major complications were noted.     

Functional innervation of the striatum by ventral mesencephalic grafts in mice with inherited nigrostriatal dopamine deficiency

Weaver mutant mice are characterized by a decrease in striatal dopamine (DA), which is associated with a progressive loss of DA neurones in the substantia nigra. This mutant thus provides the opportunity to examine the functional effects of DA neurones grafted to the striatum in a genetic model of parkinsonism. Ventral mesencephalic tissue from normal foetuses was placed on the surface of the right dorsal striatum of adult weaver mutants. After grafting, animals were tested for methamphetamine-induced circling behaviour. Mutants with DA containing grafts displayed a significant circling bias toward the left, non-grafted side. Mutants without grafts did not display any rotational bias to either side. These results demonstrate that grafted DA containing neurones establish a functional innervation of the weaver striatum and suggest that grafting of neural tissue is a viable approach in restoring function in genetic degenerative disorders of the nigrostriatal system.     

Serum protein electrophoresis patterns in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Clinical and epidemiologic correlations

Serum protein electrophoresis (SPEP) data obtained at diagnosis were available for 98 of 342 patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) identified in a population-based case-control epidemiologic study. Patients tested with SPEP at diagnosis were significantly younger, more likely to have lymphadenopathy, and more likely to have had their conditions diagnosed at a university hospital than those not tested. Four categories of electrophoretic patterns were identified: normal (N = 56), hypogammaglobulinemia (N = 28), hypergammaglobulinemia (N = 11), and monoclonal gammopathy (N = 3). A higher proportion of those with hypergammaglobulinemia were black, and patients with hypergammaglobulinemia and monoclonal gammopathy were more likely to die within the first year following diagnosis than patients in the other SPEP groups. No association was found, however, between SPEP pattern and a clinical staging classification for CLL. These findings suggest that SPEP may be a useful adjunct in categorizing possible subtypes of CLL and developing future clinical staging classifications.     

Physiological pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of (+/-)-verapamil in female rats

Tissue distribution and pharmacodynamics of verapamil were evaluated during steady state intravenous (i.v.) infusion and after single dose intraperitoneal (i.p.) drug administration to female Sprague-Dawley rats. In one group of rats, verapamil was infused to a steady state concentration at which time animals were killed. Verapamil-induced decreases in mean arterial pressure (MAP) were monitored during infusion and correlated with concomitantly obtained plasma verapamil concentrations. Tissue (lung, liver, renal medulla, renal cortex, cardiac muscle, skeletal muscle, perirenal fat, brain stem, cerebral cortex, and cerebellum) and plasma samples were obtained immediately after animals were killed and verapamil and norverapamil concentrations determined. Another group of rats, after receiving i.p. verapamil, were killed at 1, 3, 5, 19, and 24 h. Elimination from each tissue evaluated was described by a first order process. Elimination half-life of verapamil was similar among plasma and tissues evaluated (1.5 to 2.2 h). The per cent verapamil not bound to plasma proteins was concentration-independent and similar between rats receiving i.p. (mean +/- S.D.) (2.28 +/- 0.72 per cent) and i.v. (2.08 +/- 0.03 per cent) verapamil. MAP and verapamil concentration in plasma (r = 0.75; p less than 0.01) and cardiac muscle (r = -0.82; p less than 0.01) were inversely correlated in a highly significant fashion during both i.v. and i.p. drug administrations. The tissue-to-plasma distribution ratio for verapamil and norverapamil was similar among animals receiving i.p. verapamil at all points of sampling, suggesting distribution equilibrium had been achieved. After steady state i.v. infusion, both verapamil and norverapamil tissue: plasma concentration ratios were greater than after i.p. administration. Higher tissue: plasma verapamil concentration ratios after i.v. administration than after i.p. administration suggest either only a pseudoequilibrium is attained after i.p. administration or that determinants of tissue distribution of racemic verapamil differ with different routes of drug administration. In these studies, MAP provided a reasonable pharmacodynamic marker for verapamil tissue and plasma concentrations.     

The fate of isoprene inhaled by rats: comparison to butadiene

Isoprene (2-methyl-1,3-butadiene), a volatile monomer occurring in the natural environment and used in the manufacture of elastomers, is a close chemical relative of the animal carcinogen 1,3-butadiene. To obtain toxicokinetic data for inhaled isoprene, male F344 rats were exposed in groups of 30 to 14C-labeled isoprene vapor at four concentrations from 8 to 8200 ppm. The percentage of the inhaled isoprene that was metabolized decreased with increasing exposure concentration. The percentage of the total metabolites (that is, non-isoprene-retained 14C) excreted in urine and feces or expired was determined as a function of vapor concentration. About 75% of the total metabolites was excreted in urine. This was independent of inhaled isoprene concentration. After exposure to 8200 ppm, a larger percentage of the metabolites was excreted in feces than after exposure to lower concentrations. Using vacuum line techniques, blood metabolite concentrations were determined as functions of both vapor concentration and exposure duration. At one exposure concentration (1480 ppm) metabolites were measured in the nose, lungs, liver, kidney, and fat, as well as in blood. A mutagenic metabolite, isoprene diepoxide, was tentatively identified in all tissues examined. Between 0.0018 and 0.031% of the inhaled 14C label was tentatively identified as this metabolite in blood. The relative amount of the metabolites present in blood was highest for low concentrations of inhaled isoprene and for shorter exposure durations. Body fat appeared to be a reservoir for both isoprene metabolites and isoprene itself. The appearance of metabolites in the respiratory tract after short exposure durations together with low blood concentrations of isoprene indicated that substantial metabolism of inhaled isoprene in the respiratory tract may occur.     

Familial long thoracic nerve palsy: a manifestation of brachial plexus neuropathy

Long thoracic nerve palsy causes weakness of the serratus anterior muscle and winging of the scapula. It is usually traumatic in origin. Isolated long thoracic nerve palsy has not been recognized as the major manifestation of familial brachial plexus neuropathy, but I have studied the syndrome in four members of three generations of one family. One individual suffered an episode of facial paresis. The inheritance pattern was autosomal dominant.     

Intra-urban variations of neonatal and post-neonatal mortality in a developing city

Numerous surveys at the national and regional level have demonstrated that large inequalities in infant health status exist in Southern Africa. Few studies have assessed infant mortality at the intra-urban scale of geographic analysis. Comparisons between infant mortality rates from different areas are made even more meaningful if the data are divided into two primary categories based on period-of-death; these being the neonatal and post-neonatal components. This study presents the results of a survey undertaken in Metropolitan Cape Town (population 1.6 million) during 1982. The aim was to determine the spatial variation of neonatal and post-neonatal mortality at the suburb (or community) level within the city. Overall, a total of 36,789 live births and 928 infant deaths were recorded; 53.4% in the neonatal period and 46.6% in the post-neonatal period. The mean infant mortality rate was 25.2 per 1000 live births; the neonatal mortality rate and post-neonatal mortality rate being 13.5/1000 and 11.7/1000, respectively. A marked range in death rates was evident for both components. For the neonatal category it was 0.0-49.9/1000 and 0.0-40.0/1000 for the post-neonatal period. The generally low post-neonatal mortality rate among the 69 suburbs studied has made the neonatal component the dominant contributor to the infant mortality rate. However, in the lowest socio-economic areas the post-neonatal mortality rate was responsible for over 60% of infant deaths.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)