A Stochastic Nonlinear Autoregressive Algorithm Reflects Nonlinear Dynamics of Heart-Rate Fluctuations

Current methods for detecting nonlinear determinism in a time series require long and stationary data records, as most of them assume that the observed dynamics arise only from the internal, deterministic workings of the system, and the stochastic portion of the signal (the noise component) is assumed to be negligible. To explicitly account for the stochastic portion of the data we recently developed a method based on a stochastic nonlinear autoregressive (SNAR) algorithm. The method iteratively estimates nonlinear autoregressive models for both the deterministic and stochastic portions of the signal. Subsequently, the Lyapunov exponents (LE) are calculated for the estimated models in order to examine if nonlinear determinism is present in the deterministic portion of the fitted model. To determine if nonlinear dynamic analysis of heart-rate fluctuations can be used to assess arrhythmia susceptibility by predicting the outcome of invasive cardiac electrophysiologic study (EPS), we applied the SNAR algorithm to noninvasively measured resting sinus-rhythm heart-rate signals obtained from 16 patients. Our analysis revealed that a positive LE was highly correlated to a patient with a positive outcome of EPS. We found that the statistical accuracy of the SNAR algorithm in predicting the outcome of EPS was 88% (sensitivity=100%, specificity=75%, positive predictive value=80%, negative predictive value=100%, p=0.0019). Our results suggest that the SNAR algorithm may serve as a noninvasive probe for screening high-risk populations for malignant cardiac arrhythmias. © 2002 Biomedical Engineering Society. PAC2002: 8719Hh, 0545Tp, 8710+e     

Molecular profiling indicates avian branchiomotor nuclei invade the hindbrain alar plate

It is generally believed that the spinal cord and hindbrain consist of a motor basal plate and a sensory alar plate. We now have molecular markers for these territories. The relationship of migrating branchiomotor neurons to molecularly defined alar and basal domains was examined in the chicken embryo by mapping the expression of cadherin-7 and cadherin-6B, in comparison to genetic markers for ventrodorsal patterning (Otp, Pax6, Pax7, Nkx2.2, and Shh) and motoneuron subpopulations (Phox2b and Isl1). We show cadherin-7 is expressed in a complete radial domain occupying a lateral region of the hindbrain basal plate. The cadherin-7 domain abuts the medial border of Pax7 expression; this common limit defines, or at least approximates, the basal/alar boundary. The hindbrain branchiomotor neurons originate in the medial part of the basal plate, close to the floor plate. Their cadherin-7-positive axons grow into the alar plate and exit the hindbrain close to the corresponding afferent nerve root. The cadherin-7-positive neuronal cell bodies later translocate laterally, following this axonal trajectory, thereby passing through the cadherin-7-positive basal plate domain. Finally, the cell bodies traverse the molecularly defined basal/alar boundary and move into positions within the alar plate. After the migration has ended, the branchiomotor neurons switch expression from cadherin-7 to cadherin-6B. These findings demonstrate that a specific subset of primary motor neurons, the branchiomotor neurons, migrate into the alar plate of the chicken embryo. Consequently, the century-old concept that all primary motor neurons come to reside in the basal plate should be revised.     

The high incidence of meiotic errors increases with decreased sperm count in severe male factor infertilities

BACKGROUND:The high frequency of aneuploidy sperm raises concerns that there may be an increased incidence of aneuploid offspring in ICSI programmes. In order to assess the role that chromosome complement plays in normal and abnormal fertility, detailed molecular cytogenetic studies must be done on sperm samples from men with normal and abnormal fertility. METHODS: To understand more clearly the cytogenetic make-up of sperm from oligoasthenoteratozoospermic (OAT) patients, multi-colour fluorescence in situ hybridization was used to determine numerical chromosome abnormalities. RESULTS: Increased aneuploidy frequencies for chromosomes 13, 18, 21, X and Y were detected in sperm from OAT patients. The frequencies of diploidy also increased. There were no differences in non-disjunction at meiosis I compared to meiosis II. Sperm count inversely correlated with the frequencies of diploidy, aneuploidies for chromosomes 13 and 21 in OAT patients. Twenty-two cycles of ICSI and 18 embryo transfers were performed in 20 couples. Only three cases achieved successful pregnancies. CONCLUSIONS: A higher incidence of meiotic errors and lower sperm counts was found in sperm from OAT patients.     

Heat-shock protein (HSP70-2) allelic frequencies in three distinct Mexican populations

The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) genes are highly polymorphic and therefore have been useful in population genetics and disease association studies. We analyzed restriction fragment length polymorphism of HSP70-2 alleles in healthy unrelated Mestizo, Mazatecan and Nahua populations. Both Indian groups, Mazatecans and Nahuas, were in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, while Mestizos were in disequilibrium (chi 2 = 0.399; P < 0.05). The Mazatecan Indians presented a high frequency of BB homozygosity (17.35%) compared to Mestizos (5%) (P = 0.01). Mexican ethnic groups present differences in distribution of BB genotype. The low frequency of BB genotype in Mestizos may be the result of a negative selection process.     

Platelet adhesion onto segmented polyurethane film surfaces modified by addition and crosslinking of PEO-containing block copolymers

Polyethylene oxide (PEO) surfaces were prepared by the addition of PEO-containing amphiphilic block copolymers as surface modifying additives and of dicumyl peroxide (DCP) as a crosslinking agent in segmented polyurethane (PU). PEO-polypropylene oxide-PEO triblock copolymers (Pluronics) with different PEO chain length (from 0 to 98) were used as the surface modifying additives. The PEO additives in the PU film were then crosslinked to be stably entrapped in the PU matrix. The crosslinking was done by free radicals produced from the decomposition of DCP in the film through heating (120 degrees C) or ultraviolet irradiation (254 nm). The surface properties of the PEO additive-entrapped PU films were investigated by the measurement of water contact angles and electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis. The bulk properties such as water absorption, long-term film stability, and tensile strength and elongation at break, were also investigated. It was observed that addition of a small amount (5 wt% based on PU) of the PEO additives resulted in a considerable change of surface characteristics. The PEO additives were stably entrapped in the PU films by crosslinking of them, without significant changes of bulk properties of the films. From the platelet adhesion test on the prepared PEO additive-containing film surfaces, it was observed that the platelet adhesion on the surfaces decreases with increase in PEO chain length of PEO additives. The film surface containing additive with long PEO chains (chain length of 98) was particularly effective in preventing platelet adhesion. The crosslinking of the PEO additives in PU films did not affect the behavior of platelet adhesion on the surfaces; the films with crosslinked PEO additives showed similar platelet adhesion on the surfaces to the films with uncrosslinked ones.     

Expression and changes of HSP70 in the rat forebrain subjected to gamma knife (100Gy) irradiation targeted on the caudate putamen and survived for different times

Forebrain heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) immunohistochemical reactivity was investigated in rats subjected to gamma knife irradiation focusing on the right caudate putamen nucleus. The forebrain sections of all experimental animals were processed with anti-HSP70 antiserum and then by avidin-biotin peroxidase complex immunohistochemistry after gamma ray irradiation with a dose of 100Gy and they each survived for different times (from 30 min to 30 days). Some neurons, glial cells, and endothelial cells were HSP70-like immunoreactivity (HSP70-LI) positive. HSP70-LI was mainly distributed in the target area of irradiation, as well as in non-target regions, e.g. the cortex, hippocampus, and hypothalamus, etc. The expression and change of HSP70-LI from 3 h to 30 days after irradiation followed the following rules: (1) Within 3 to 24 h, the dilated vessels with HSP70-LI endothelial cells were found at first, and a few lightly stained HSP70-LI neurons and glias were observed in the target and non-target regions; (2) In 3-7 days, darkly stained HSP70-LI neurons and glias were apparently increased and formed an expression peak. From 14 to 30 days, HSP70-LI cells were distinctly decreased and became weakly stained or negative. These results suggested that although the irradiation target of the gamma knife was localized, the response to irradiation occurred extensively.     

Sonographic findings of breast hamartoma: emphasis on compressibility

The characteristic features of hamartoma in terms of discrepancies in mammographic and sonographic shapes of the mass were evaluated. We reviewed 16 pathologically proven breast hamartomas, which had undergone preoperative mammography and ultrasonography. All masses were analyzed according to ACR-BIRADS on mammography. On sonography, each mass was analyzed for size, shape, margin, internal echogenicity, and posterior acoustic enhancement. We also analyzed the echogenicity of halo, and compared the characteristic changes in the shape of hamartomas attributable to compression in mammograms and sonograms. The most common sites were at 12 o'clock in the right breast and 2 o'clock in the left. The most common mammographic findings of the hamartomas were a round shape (11/16), a circumscribed margin (13/16), internal fat densities (D4)(16/16) and radiolucent halos (14/16). The most common sonographic findings of the hamartomas were an oval shape (16/16), circumscribed margins (10/16), heterogeneous internal echogenicity (14/16), echogenic (7/16) or echolucent halos (5/16), and posterior enhancements (12/16). The characteristic feature of hamartomas was a change of the mammographic round shape mass into an elongated oval shape mass by sonography (11/11), suggesting the compressibility of hamartomas. Three of the hamartomas contained a pathologically proven internal calcification. The presence of a hamartoma was suggested by a change in a mammographic round mass with a radiolucent halo into an oval heterogeneous mass surrounded by an echogenic or echolucent halo on the sonogram. This characteristic difference between the mammographic and sonographic findings was attributed to the hamartoma compressibility, and was associated with the over-proliferation of fat containing mature normal breast tissue.     

Molecular weight determination and fractionation of poly(L-histidine) by gel filtration

Dextran gel filtration (using Sephadex G-75 gel) with a continuous monitoring system was applied to the determination of the molecular weight and for fractionation of poly(L -histidine), poly[imino-1-(4-imidazolylmethyl)-2-oxoethylene], (PLH). PLH was eluted satisfactorily with a pH 2,35 buffer, whereas it was adsorbed to the gel with a pH 5,40 buffer. The weight-average and number-average molecular weights (M_w and M_n) were determined from the calibration plot of molecular weight, obtained with proteins, and corrected by the Smith method. A highly fractionated “monodisperse” PLH with M_w/M_n = 1,14 to 1,22 was obtained from PLH with M_w/M_n = 1,43 by the use of a pH 4,95 acetic acid/ammonium acetate buffer.     

Projections from the hypothalamus and its adjacent areas to the posterior pituitary in the rat

Cholera toxin conjugated horseradish peroxidase was injected into the posterior pituitary and its afferents traced in 21 albino rats. The neuronal processes as well as the perikarya were elaborately displayed. The principal and retrochiasmatic supraoptic nuclei and the magnocellular paraventricular subnuclei were densely labelled. The accessory cell groups or nuclei labelled included: the medial preoptic and anterior hypothalamic areas, the anterior and posterior fornical nuclei, the lateral hypothalamic area, the nucleus circularis and nucleus of the forebrain bundle and hitherto unknown or not fully appreciated retrochiasmatic area, the dorsal accessory groups in an area between the stria medullaris and fornix, on the one hand, and the stria terminalis and internal capsule, on the other, and a well developed subependymalperiventricular zone. The medial preoptic nucleus, subfornical organ and organ vasculosum laminae terminalis were also weakly stained. Dendrites of the magnocellular paraventricular nucleus have been said by some to be largely confined to the subnuclei in which they lie. Immunohistochemical studies have proved that they extended beyond their nuclear confinement. The present study has found much wider extension of their dendritic fields. In fact, dendrites of the magnocellular neurosecretory cells in general were long and had a certain degree of directional bias. Several sites projecting to the posterior pituitary were closely related to the cerebrospinal fluid. Namely, the subependymal neuronal plexuses along the third ventricle and beneath the interventricular foramen, and the subpial dendritic plexuses of the supraoptic and retrochiasmatic supraoptic nuclei. Neurons were seen to squeeze in-between the ependymal cells, bringing themselves very close to the cerebrospinal fluid. No direct cerebrospinal fluid-contacting elements, either cell bodies or processes, however, could be ascertained. It is proposed that these plexuses may monitor changes in the cerebrospinal fluid. Besides the principal neurohypophysial tract the posterior pituitary was found in the present study to receive its afferents via two accessory fasciculi, one coursing in the medial forebrain bundle and the other running along the lateral wall of the infundibular recess subependymally.