Dose distribution in tissues

Biological effects of ionising radiation are dependent on the distribution of doses in tissue. In this article parameters influencing the distribution of dose in tissue are discussed with emphasis on intraoral and rotational panoramic radiography. For both examinations the probability to develop stochastic effects is estimated. For intraoral radiography the probability ranges from 0.1 to 0.3 per million exposures and for rotational panoramic radiography from 0.4 to 0.8 per million. For the whole Dutch population the probability to develop stochastic effects is 0-2 persons per year and 0-1 person per year respectively. Dental radiography is therefore justified if further diagnostic information is to be expected and exposure circumstances are optimal.     

Ductal exfoliated cytology in the practice of mumps]

The author used smear from Stensen's duct aspiration to observe exfoliated cytology in order to help diagnosis of early mumps.According to the smears from 100 cases of mumps and other 50 cases of bacteria parotitis and/or normal parotid as contro,the author revealed that if there are a lot of ductal epithelial cells,monocytes and polynuclear cells,monocytes and polynuclear phagocytes at same time,it could give diagnosis "Mumps" to that patient.In control group,it is unable to observe those three kind cells at same time.The author also discussed the mechanism of how would these three kind cells appear in mumps in accordance with references.     

Clivus ependymoma

Summary An 8-month-old girl had an ependymoma in the clivus, 2x6 cm in size, connected with the fourth ventricle by a cord of tissue 0.5 cm thick. There were no indications to make us suspect the origin of the tumour in the fourth ventricle, or that it was a case of ependymoma.     

STUDIES ON ENDEMIC GOITER AND ENDEMIC CRETINISM IN GUIZHOU OBSERVATIONS ON IODINE METABOLISM AND PITUITARY THYROID AXIS FUNCTIONAL STATUS

This paper report,s the iodine metabolism and pituitary-thyroid axis function among the inhabitants of an untreated endemic goiter region in the southeast.ern part (Heba commune) of Guizhou province. The results of the investigation showed that the urine iodine excretion of the inhabi- tants in the untreated endemic goiter region was lower than that of those in the normal non- endemic region, a rural commune of Guiyang city and an iodized salt treated endemic region, Shilong commune. The urine iodine excretion was low not only among the goiter patients and cretins but also among the nongoitrous adults and children. Same was with the 24 hr thyroid .131I uptake figures which were higher than normal among the goiter patients and cretins as well as nongoitrous adults and children in Heba commune. It is concluded that in the endemic goiter region, the goiter patients and cretins as well as the nongoitrous adults and children are suffering from iodine deficiency. Studies of pituitary thyroid axis function of the inhabitants in the untreated endemic goiter region, Heba commune, showed basically normal values for serum T3, definitely low values for serum T4 and markedly elevated values for se- rum TSH. The relation_ship between low serum T4 and elevated serum TSH was frequently ob- served among the cretins and the goiter ;patients although myxedema was rarely manifested. Thus hormonal hypothyroidism was not un- common among the inhabitants of Heba com- mune and the term "euthyroidism" should be used with discretion.     

Monomeric Indole Alkaloids from Kopsia officinalis.

Ten monomeric indole alkaloids have been identified from the roots of KOPSIA OFFICINALIS. Four of them are known: (-)-kopsinine 1, (+)-5,22-dioxokopsane 2, (-)-tetrahydroalstonine 4, and (-)-quebrachamine 3; and six are new: (-)-isoeburnamine 5 (enantiomer of the known alkaloid (+)-isoeburnamine), (-)-N-methoxycarbonyl-12-methoxykopsinaline 7, (-)-N-methoxycarbonyl-11,12-methylenedioxy kopsinaline 8, (-)-N-methoxycarbonyl-11,12-dimethoxykopsinaline 9, (-)-11,12-methylenedioxykopsinaline 10, and (-)-12-methoxykopsinaline 11.     

.MYCOLOGIC IDENTIFICATION OF EMERICELLA NIDULANS AND ASPERGILLUS FLAVUS CAUSED PULMONARY INFECTION

A rare case of pulmonary infection caused by Emericella nidulans and Aspergillus flavus is reported for the first time in our country. "This diagnosis is of significance mycologically. :Direct microscopic examination and histopatho- logic cross section of expectorated mass show numerolus cleistoithecia of varying size, filled by asci and ascospores. Outside the cleistothecia 'were numerous thickwalled Hulle cells. The pa- tient was treated satisfactorily with antimyco- tics.     

双上斜肌麻痹的临床特征与治疗

双眼上斜肌同时麻痹称为双上斜肌麻痹,近年来受到国内外眼科学者的重视。本文报告13例,均是我科近年来手术治疗并在术后观察3个月以上者。13例病人都无明显外伤史,发病在出生时及出生后早期,为先天性病变。手术次数1～2次。临床特征:不对称病变以单眼上斜视,代偿头位为主要表现,其中有一部分病人为潜在型双侧病变。对称型以两侧同向注视时的反向上斜视为主要表现,双侧Bielschowsky征为阳性。不少病人同时有V型斜视。需要手术治疗的病人一般应做双眼手术。可根据病情决定是同时做双侧手术,还是分次做,以及术式、术量。术后大部分病人能获得满意的头位及眼位。     

红核的镇痛作用和加强电针镇痛的作用

<正> 红核属锥体外系,其主要机能是调节躯体运动和肌紧张。但近年来的工作指出它与感觉的调制也有关。如电刺激红核可抑制大鼠的伤害性行为反应。刺激红核可兴奋中缝大核(NRM)神经元的电活动,而刺激NRM可加强电针在三叉神经脊束核尾侧