Response of lumbar paraspinal muscles spindles is greater to spinal manipulative loading compared with slower loading under length control.

BACKGROUND CONTEXT: Spinal manipulation (SM) is a form of manual therapy used clinically to treat patients with low back and neck pain. The most common form of this maneuver is characterized as a high-velocity (duration <150 ms), low-amplitude (segmental translation <2 mm, rotation <4 degrees , and applied force 220-889 N) impulse thrust (high-velocity, low-amplitude spinal manipulation [HVLA-SM]). Clinical skill in applying an HVLA-SM lies in the practitioner's ability to control the duration and magnitude of the load (ie, the rate of loading), the direction in which the load is applied, and the contact point at which the load is applied. Control over its mechanical delivery is presumably related to its clinical effects. Biomechanical changes evoked by an HVLA-SM are thought to have physiological consequences caused, at least in part, by changes in sensory signaling from paraspinal tissues. PURPOSE: If activation of afferent pathways does contribute to the effects of an HVLA-SM, it seems reasonable to anticipate that neural discharge might increase or decrease in a nonlinear fashion as the thrust duration approaches a threshold value. We hypothesized that the relationship between the duration of an impulsive thrust to a vertebra and paraspinal muscle spindle discharge would be nonlinear with an inflection near the duration of an HVLA-SM delivered clinically (<150 ms). In addition, we anticipated that muscle spindle discharge would be more sensitive to larger amplitude thrusts. STUDY DESIGN/SETTING: A neurophysiological study of spinal manipulation using the lumbar spine of a feline model. METHODS: Impulse thrusts (duration: 12.5, 25, 50, 100, 200, and 400 ms; amplitude 1 or 2 mm posterior to anterior) were applied to the spinous process of the L6 vertebra of deeply anesthetized cats while recording single unit activity from dorsal root filaments of muscle spindle afferents innervating the lumbar paraspinal muscles. A feedback motor was used in displacement control mode to deliver the impulse thrusts. The motor's drive arm was securely attached to the L6 spinous process via a forceps. RESULTS: As thrust duration became shorter, the discharge of the lumbar paraspinal muscle spindles increased in a curvilinear fashion. A concave-up inflection occurred near the 100-ms duration eliciting both a higher frequency discharge compared with the longer durations and a substantially faster rate of change as thrust duration was shortened. This pattern was evident in paraspinal afferents with receptive fields both close and far from the midline. Paradoxically, spindle afferents were almost twice as sensitive to the 1-mm compared with the 2-mm amplitude thrust (6.2 vs. 3.3 spikes/s/mm/s). This latter finding may be related to the small versus large signal range properties of muscle spindles. CONCLUSIONS: The results indicate that the duration and amplitude of a spinal manipulation elicit a pattern of discharge from paraspinal muscle spindles different from slower mechanical inputs. Clinically, these parameters may be important determinants of an HVLA-SM's therapeutic benefit.     

激素性股骨头坏死家兔血浆及软骨中一氧化氮含量的变化

[目的]探讨一氧化氮在激素性股骨头坏死发病中的作用.[方法]制作激素性股骨头坏死家兔模型后,在不同时期测定血浆及软骨中的一氧化氮含量,观察股骨头的组织学变化.[结果]激素性股骨头坏死家兔血浆和软骨中的一氧化氮含量均明显升高,股骨头髓腔中的脂肪细胞明显增多,骨小梁变细、稀疏及断裂,空骨陷窝明显增多.电子显微镜观察见骨细胞核染色质浓缩,体积缩小,胞浆中内质网及线粒体肿胀变性,粗面内质网上的核糖体脱落.[结论]一氧化氮参与激素性股骨头坏死的发病过程.     

子宫腺肌症病变中雌激素、孕激素、癌基因、凋亡抑制基因的表达研究

目的 研究雌激素（ER）、孕激素（PR）及癌基因（cerbB-2）、凋亡抑制基因（Bcl-2）在子宫腺肌症病变中的表达和子宫腺肌症发病的相关性。方法 用免疫组化方法检测40例子宫腺肌症病变组织中ER及其他生物学指标的表达。结果 ER、PR与CerbB．2、Bcl-2在子宫腺肌症病变中均有不同程度的阳性表达，子宫肌层异位内膜ER阳性表达率97．5％，PR阳性率97．5％，cerbB-2阳性率82．5％，Bcl-2阳性率62．5％。在位内膜和异位内膜ER、PR均呈阳性，阳性率比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。异位内膜cerbB-2的强阳性率高于在位内膜，差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。ER、PR与cerbB-2、Bcl-2阳性率相比具有相关性（P〈0．05）。结论 ER、PR与cerbB．2、Bcl-2在异位内膜高表达，提示这些生物学指标在子宫腺肌症发生发展中发挥作用。     

腭裂修复术腭咽肌肉重建与否的鼻咽内窥镜的比较观察

目的通过是否进行腭咽肌肉重建的两组腭裂修复术后患者鼻咽内窥镜的比较观察,了解腭咽部肌肉重建术后腭咽闭合状况的改变。方法将41例腭裂术后患者,按照在腭裂修复时是否进行腭咽肌肉重建分为重建组(22例)和非重建组(19例),以鼻咽纤维内窥镜记录静态和发音时腭咽闭合运动状况,对两组患者腭咽闭合运动类型和状况进行比较。结果重建组静态腭咽腔形态较非重建组明显缩小,各壁光滑丰满,未见软腭鼻腔面V型缺损畸形;动态时以环状闭合为主。非重建组静态腭咽腔形态较大,可见软腭鼻腔面V型缺损畸形;动态时以冠状闭合为主。经比较重建组腭咽闭合良好率(90.91%)明显优于非重建组(37.31%)。结论鼻咽内窥镜观察证实腭咽肌肉重建腭裂修复术后腭咽闭合功能恢复明显优于非重建组。腭裂修复术时重建腭咽肌肉有助于缩小腭咽腔和更易于达到良好的腭咽闭合状态。     

Haemoptysis due to chronic tuberculosis vs. bronchiectasis: comparison of long-term outcome of arterial embolisation.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the factors that influence the outcome of bronchial arterial embolisation (BAE) in chronic tuberculosis (TB). In cases of chronic TB, non-bronchial systemic arteries (NBSA) provide a significant source of massive or recurrent haemoptysis. DESIGN: Medical records and radiological findings of 30 consecutive TB patients who underwent BAE were retrospectively analysed and compared with those of 19 bronchiectasis patients. RESULTS: Chronic TB patients had higher numbers of total feeding vessels (4.40 +/- 3.85 vs. 1.79 +/- 1.51, P = 0.007) and NBSA (1.57 +/- 1.63 vs. 0.42 +/- 0.61, P = 0.005) than the bronchiectasis patients. The number of embolisations required for obliterating feeding vessels (3.87 +/- 2.48 vs. 1.95 +/- 1.47, P = 0.004), and the incidence of incomplete embolisation (30% vs. 5.3%, P = 0.033) were also higher in the TB patients. Moreover, recurrence after BAE was more frequent in the TB patients (17/30, 56.7% vs. 5/19, 26.3%, P = 0.037). Male sex, past history of haemoptysis and incomplete embolisation during BAE were associated with higher recurrence of haemoptysis in chronic TB patients. The existence of a fungus ball or significant pleural thickening (>/=10 mm) was not found to influence the recurrence rate of haemoptysis. CONCLUSION: The haemoptysis recurrence rate was higher in chronic TB than in bronchiectasis; this was found to be related to incomplete feeding vessel embolisation.     

Nonspecific mitochondrial disease with epilepsy in children: diagnostic approaches and epileptic phenotypes

OBJECTIVES: This study sought to characterize epileptic phenotypes in children with nonspecific mitochondrial disease (MD) and to evaluate MD diagnostic approaches. METHODS: A retrospective analysis of the medical, electroencephalogram, and laboratory records of 142 patients with epilepsy was performed. The patients were evaluated for MD, and 124 patients were included in the final cohort. The MD criteria used included an oral glucose lactate stimulation test (OGLST) and urine organic acid/plasma amino acid (UOA/PAA) assays as metabolic indicators of modified Walker criteria, as suggested by Bernier et al. (Neurology 59:1406-1411, 2002). RESULTS: Twenty-two patients were classified as having definite MD (9), probable MD (5), possible MD (6), or pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) deficiency (3), including one patient which showed a respiratory chain (RC) defect and PDH deficiency. Seven out of eight patients in whom significant RC defects were observed showed complex I defects. In 14 patients, epileptic seizures start at infantile ages. Of 17 patients who substantially presented generalized seizures, 4 patients started with partial seizures. Five patients consistently presented only partial seizures. The OGLST and UOA/PAA assays were useful for a more precise diagnosis of MD, although low positive predictive value of the OGLST was regrettable. No patient was classified as definite MD by Walker's original criteria, but the use of our revised MD criteria resulted in the classification of nine additional patients as definite MD. CONCLUSIONS: MD manifested considerable diverse epileptic phenotypes and should be considered in the differential diagnosis of epilepsy in children with unexplained encephalomyopathy and progressive and fluctuating clinical courses.     

留置超滑乳胶气囊导尿管并发症的原因分析及对策

目的探讨留置超滑乳胶气囊导尿管并发症的原因及对策。方法对586例留置超滑乳胶气囊导尿管患者进行观察,回顾分析。结果留置超滑导尿管并发症与导尿方法、规范操作、留置导尿管的时间及相关知识宣教有关。结论严格无菌操作,选择合适的导尿管、缩短留置尿管的时间是降低并发症的重要措施。     

慢性鼻窦炎鼻息肉合并支气管哮喘患者鼻窦内镜术后对支气管哮喘疗效的影响

目的观察鼻窦内镜术(endoscopic sinu ssurgery，ESS)对慢性鼻窦炎伴支气管哮喘患者哮喘发作的影响。方法对210例慢性鼻窦炎患者施行ESS术，其中伴有支气管哮喘病史者42例(20．0％)。210例患者均于术前、术后采用酶联免疫吸附测定法(ELISA)检测外周血单个核细胞(PBMC)培养上清液中的白细胞介素4(IL-4)，干扰素γ(IFN-γ)，可溶性白细胞介素2受体(sIL-2R)和可溶性IgE低亲和力受体(solube CD23，sCD23)的含量，并与20例正常对照组进行比较。通过主观和客观标准评定42例患者哮喘发作及对皮质类固醇的耐受状况，并对术后患者进行为期1年(10例)和3年(32例)的随访。结果鼻窦炎合并支气管哮喘患者术前PBMC培养上清液中IL-4，sIL-2R、sCD23含量较对照组显著升高，而IFN-γ含量较对照组显著减少。术后IL-4、sIL-2R、sCD23含量较对照组显著降低，而IFN-γ含量显著增高。术后哮喘改善水平由随访术后1年的45％提高到术后3年的70％。42例中32例(76％)哮喘发作次数明显减少，术前长期服用类固醇的2l例中，14例(67％)减少了对口服类固醇的使用。结论ESS对慢性鼻窦炎伴支气管哮喘患者的治疗有较满意的远期疗效。ESS能调节IL-4、IFN-γ sIL-2R、sCD23水平，降低哮喘的发作频率和对类固醇的依赖。     

三氧化二砷纳米微粒对抑制兔血管平滑肌细胞增殖作用的实验研究

目的 了解纳米微粒与普通剂型的三氧化二砷（As2O3）对抑制体外培养的兔血管平滑肌细胞（VSMC）增殖作用的差别。方法 对照组为不加药物的细胞，实验组为3μmol／L纳米微粒和普通剂型的As2O3，干预体外培养的兔VSMC细胞72h，进行四唑氮盐（MTT）染色测定细胞吸光度（A）值。用流式细胞仪检测细胞凋亡情况，提取细胞DNA，进行凝胶电泳分析，将3组的结果进行比较。结果 3μmol／L纳米剂型的As2O3，干预细胞，细胞数量随作用时间的延长逐渐减少，细胞生长明显受抑制，而普通剂型干预细胞，生长受抑制程度较纳米剂型弱。24h时，对照组、3μmol／L普通剂型组与纳米组，A值分别为0．68±0．10、0．58±0．12、0．33±0．12，48h时分别为0．79±0．11、0．48±0．14、0．28±0．11，72h时分别为0．96±0．13、0．34±0．15、0．20士0．06，差异均有统计学意义（Ⅳ值分别为10．934、15．039、15．539，P值均〈0．01）。流式细胞仪检测，纳米剂型As2O3、普通剂型As2O3干预及对照组的细胞干预48h，细胞增殖率分别为44．97％、58．54％、74．02％，早期凋亡率分别为16．89％、11．27％、11．20％，晚期凋亡率分别为26．56％、23．60％、12．46％，坏死细胞分别为11．58％、6．59％、2．32％。DNA电泳，As2O3干预细胞，可见凋亡梯形条带，部分细胞坏死，呈模糊的无间隔片状条带。纳米剂型药物作用的细胞DNA条带，梯形条带更多、更模糊。结论 As2O3，可以抑制体外培养的VSMC增殖，且纳米剂型As2O3较普通剂型的As2O3，对细胞抑制作用更强。     

下肢严重开放性损伤的保肢治疗

高能量损伤导致的下肢严重开放性损伤的保肢治疗，对骨科医生来说是一个挑战。随着修复重建技术的提高和术后辅助治疗的完善，给保肢治疗带来了希望，但总体疗效仍不理想。我院自2003年1月～2004年12月共对32例下肢严重损伤患者行保肢治疗，现结合相关文献进行回顾性分析，旨在探讨保肢的指征、肢体重建的方法与时机及保肢失败的原因。