2019年重庆市30岁及以上人群归因于被动吸烟的肺癌疾病负担研究

目的 分析重庆市肺癌发病死亡和疾病负担归因于被动吸烟的情况,为开展肺癌防治提供建议。 方法 肺癌死亡个案数据来源于2019年重庆市肿瘤登记报告系统,被动吸烟率来自2013年重庆市慢性病及危险因素监测。计算人群归因危险度百分比(population attributable risk percent, PAR%)、被动吸烟导致的肺癌发病、死亡和疾病负担。采用Excel 2010与SPSS 25.0进行统计分析,率的比较采用χ²检验。 结果 2013年30岁及以上成年人被动吸烟率为52.37%。2019年重庆市30岁及以上人群肺癌发病率与标化发病率分别为118.44/10万与80.83/10万,死亡率与标化死亡率分别为96.51/10万、63.58/10万。肺癌发病率和死亡率归因于被动吸烟的PAR%分别为19.76和19.04,归因发病率与归因标化发病率分别为23.41/10万和16.34/10万,归因死亡率与归因标化死亡率分别为18.38/10万和12.40/10万。2019年重庆市30岁及以上肺癌早死所致寿命损失年率(years of life lost,YLL)、残疾所致寿命损失年率(years lived with disability,YLD)、调整伤残寿命损失年率(disability adjusted life year,DALY)分别为21.16‰、0.31‰、21.47‰,YLL率、YLD率、DALY率归因于被动吸烟的PAR%分别为21.16、19.76和20.49,归因YLL率为4.34‰,归因YLD率为0.06‰,归因DALY率为4.40‰。 结论 2019年重庆市30岁及以上人群肺癌发病率、死亡率、YLL率、DALY率高,被动吸烟率高,肺癌归因于被动吸烟的疾病负担重,应加强落实控烟工作。     

Noradrenergic activation of immediate early genes in rat cerebral cortex.

Previous studies have shown that stimulation of adrenergic receptors in the brain increases the expression of the immediate early gene (IEG), c-fos, in vivo (Mol. Brain Res., 6(1989) 39-45). The present study was undertaken to determine whether this also holds for other IEGs which have been shown to be activated in brain cell culture by adrenergic agonists. Both yohimbine injection and stressful stimulation, two treatments causing brain norepinephrine (NE) release, were found to cause a parallel, transient activation of at least 5 IEGs (c-fos, nur77, tis-7, zif-268 and tis-21) in the rat cortex. Genes that are not immediate early (beta-actin, NGF and HSP70) were found not to be affected in the interval used (6 h). The responses were mediated predominantly by beta-adrenoceptors with some contribution from alpha 1 receptors. The parallel activation of multiple genes by noradrenergic receptors may enable the coding of different biochemical responses to the activation of different receptors.     

Plasma proteins in a standardised skin mini-erosion (II): effects of extraction pressure

Background  

A standardised suction technique has been used to sample plasma proteins in dermal interstitial fluid (IF) serially for 5 to 6 days from a suction-induced skin mini-erosion. Increased protein concentrations ascribed to inflammation have been shown from day 1 onward. In this study, we assessed the effect of two different extraction pressures on IF sample composition.     

现代医学教育创新的思考与对策

随着科技进步的加速,现代医学教育创新势在必行.本文针对这一现状,阐述了现代医学教育创新的内涵,分析了现代医学教育创新面临的问题,探讨了医学院校如何进行创新教育,介绍了山西医科大学对实施现代医学教育创新的一些具体措施.     

Coping with economic crisis: policy development in China and India

This paper explores health policy options in response to economiccrises in developing countries. The paper is based upon thepremise that policy is best pursued within a broad understandingof the determinants of health of populations. To provide anempirical base for analysis, the health status and health caresystems of China and India are compared. A conceptual frameworkon the determinants of the health status of populations is thendeveloped, incorporating both the performance of health caresystems and non-medical factors which influence health. Usingthe China and India experiences, the paper reviews the strengthsand weaknesses of traditional tools used in the analysis ofhealth policy. Significant policy change, it is argued, is bestimplemented through structural change of several health caresystem components simultaneously. Health policy analysis, itis further argued, must consider the broader political economyof the society. Moreover, there remain many imperfectly understoodsociocultural aspects of behaviour which enable some familiesto produce good health despite economic constraints. The paperconcludes that economic crisis presents an opportunity for astructural review of a society's health systems. Health policyoptions in response to economic crisis cannot be confined tothe health care sector. Rather, health policy should be viewedas only one, perhaps important, element of a package of socioeconomicpolicy options. Critical to policy choices are reliable informationon the condition of the poor and high political priority tominimize the adverse impact of economic crisis on the health,nutrition and social welfare of disadvantaged groups.     

继发性肝癌的外科治疗

目的探讨继发性肝癌的手术适应证和方法。方法对52例继发性肝癌的临床病例资料进行回顾性分析。结果分别采用了左半肝切除、右半肝切除、左外叶切除、右前叶切除、右后叶切除和肝楔形切除术。术后1、3、5年的生存率分别为28.3%、19.4%和11.9%。结论对适合手术的继发性肝癌,行肝切除术可以获得满意的效果。     

重症肌无力术后机械通气脱机方法的比较

目的:比较重症肌无力胸腺切除术后经验性脱机和程序化脱机在机械通气(MV)撤机的临床效果。方法:重症肌无力胸腺切除术后行机械通气的患者67例,根据脱机方式不同分为经验性脱机组和程序化脱机。比较两种脱机方法的MV时间、监护室住院时间、脱机成功率、呼吸机相关性肺炎(VAP)发生率和住院死亡率等差异。结果:两组重症肌无力术后机械通气患者比较,程序化脱机组比经验性脱机组MV时间、监护室住院时间和总住院时间均有明显缩短(P<0.05);VAP发生率和住院死亡率方面,程序化脱机组均明显低于经验性脱机组(均P<0.05)。结论:重症肌无力胸腺切除术后机械通气时采用程序化脱机能明显缩短MV时间和监护室住院时间,提高脱机成功率,降低VAP发生率和住院死亡率,值得临床推广。     

子宫内膜萎缩疗法治疗青春期功血362例临床研究

目的：探讨子宫内膜萎缩疗法治疗青春期功血（DUB）的止血效果。方法：将362例平均分为观察组（采用炔诺酮、戊酸雌二醇联合疗法止血）和对照组（单用炔诺酮子宫内膜萎缩疗法止血），两组各181例，比较两组的止血效果。结果：观察组和对照组止血有效率分别为96．13％（174／181）和92．27％（167／181），两组比较差异无统计学意义（踟105）；观察组和对照组控制出血时间分别为（28．69±14．87）h和（29．72±15．34）h，两组比较差异无统计学意义（踟．05）。观察组和对照组的完全止血时间分别为（32．80±19．10）h和（47．30±18．60）h，两组比较差异有统计学意义（／9〈0．05）。观察组和对照组的住院天数平均为（6．10±2．80）d和（6．9±2．60）d，观察组住院时间短于对照组（P〈0．01）。结论：炔诺酮止血疗法和炔诺酮、戊酸雌二醇联合疗法治疗青春期功血效果均较好，但炔诺酮、戊酸雌二醇联合疗法治疗效果更佳。     

内镜辅助肋骨-软骨移植重建髁突与同期正颌手术的临床研究

目的 探讨内镜辅助肋骨-软骨移植重建髁突与同期正颌手术治疗严重颞下颌关节病变及牙颌面畸形的效果. 方法 于术前对患者进行临床检查和治疗设计,术中行Le Fort Ⅰ型截骨术、下颌支矢状骨劈开术、髁突等关节区病变的处理、内镜辅助下肋骨-软骨移植和颏成形术,术后进行随访. 结果 2003年9月至2005年12月,于临床应用15例,所有患者同期手术均顺利完成.术中、术后均无严重出血、神经损伤、受区感染等严重并发症发生.术后随访29～52个月,平均31.8个月,所有患者面容均显著改善,关节功能良好,且无关节区疼痛等主观症状,患者对手术疗效满意.术后张口度平均为33.6 mm,侧向运动度为0～6 mm. 结论 选择合适的适应证、设计合理的手术方案,内镜辅助髁突重建同期正颌手术效果较好.     

PICC使用过程中的异常问题及护理

目的 探讨PICC使用过程中的异常问题及护理措施,提高外周静脉置入中心静脉导管的成功率,减少术后并发症.方法 回顾性分析2007年6月～2008年11月在我科放置PICC导管的62例患者的病历资料.结果 成功置管61例,1例送管未成功.其中贵腰静脉55例,正中静脉6例,头静脉1例.发生静脉炎4 例,置入颈内静脉1例,导管部分脱出1例,导管堵塞2例.62例患者除2例危重患者非导管原因死亡外,均顺利出院或完成化疗周期,正常拔管.结论 针对PICC常见异常问题,进行预防及处理,可提高PICC的成功率,减少术后并发症.