大环骨架结构的倍半萜化合物——Ⅵ.马兜铃新内酯的化学结构测定

自绵毛马兜铃(Aristolochia mollissima Hance)根茎中分得九个化合物,其中已报道的七个化合物是尿囊素、马兜铃内酯、绵毛马兜铃内酯、β-谷甾醇、马兜铃酸A、9-乙氧基马兜铃内酯和9-乙氧基马兜铃内酰胺,本文报道结晶K₃的化学结构,经光谱分析(IR,¹H-NMR,¹³C-NMR,2D-NMR和MS),化学反应及X-衍射晶体分析,确证K₃为一个新骨架结构的倍半萜化合物,命名为马兜铃新内酯。     

The impact of lifestyle on the physical fitness of primary school children

Aims. To compare the physical fitness levels of Hong Kong and mainland Chinese school children and to study the association between any differences and their respective lifestyles. Background. Genes and lifestyle are both factors contributing to health. Hong Kong is a Chinese city with distinctive lifestyle features such as a different diet and different entertainment and education from the rest of China. Using samples of the same ethnicity and investigating differences in the physical fitness parameters between Hong Kong and mainland Chinese school children might reveal the impact of some lifestyle factors on health. Design. Survey. Method. Primary school children (n = 522) were recruited. Demographic data were collected by questionnaire. Physical fitness tests were carried out. Results. Significant differences were found in height, body weight, sit and reach, long jump, running 50 m and lung capacity. Hong Kong children were found to be taller and heavier at ages 6 and 7, but heavier with similar height to that of mainland children at ages 8–12. Other results showed better physical fitness on the part of mainland children. Discussion. Although the people of Hong Kong share the same ethnicity as the majority of mainland Chinese, the eastern‐mixed‐with‐western diet, education and entertainment of Hong Kong children differ greatly. The findings in terms of physical fitness revealed variations in body build, flexibility, cardiovascular function and muscle power between the two groups. Conclusion. Lifestyle could possibly be a key factor and predictor of physical fitness, providing strong evidence to support the interaction between lifestyle and genes in their impact on our health. Relevance to clinical practice. Lifestyle could possibly be a key factor and predictor of physical fitness and health outcomes. The finding of this study may enhance the identification of healthy lifestyle which may improve health outcomes in children.     

Gene delivery to the epidermis

Epidermal gene delivery techniques are being developed as an experimental approach to understanding the pathogenesis of skin disorders and for developing therapeutic strategies for the treatment of disease. This technology is being evaluated in many clinical trials in the treatment of disorders such as cutaneous melanoma and skin wounding, with 20% of all gene therapy protocols being applied in the field of dermatology. This review focuses on recent advances in the development of gene transfer technology to the epidermis, describing the diseases that may be amenable to treatment by use of these strategies. We will discuss the advantages and limitations of the currently used techniques and the future prospects for gene therapy via the epidermis.      

All-trans retinoic acid directly inhibits granulocyte colony- stimulating factor-induced proliferation of CD34+ human hematopoietic progenitor cells

In this study we examine the effects of retinoids on purified CD34+ human hematopoietic progenitor cells. All-trans retinoic acid inhibited granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF)-induced proliferation of CD34+ cells in short-term liquid cultures in a dose-dependent fashion with maximal inhibition of 72% at a concentration of retinoic acid of 1 mumol/L. Although no significant effects were observed on granulocyte- macrophage CSF (GM-CSF)--interleukin-3--or stem cell factor (SCF)- induced proliferation, the combinations of G-CSF and each of these cytokines were all inhibited. Moreover, retinol (3 mumol/L) and chylomicron remnant retinyl esters (0.1 mumol/L) in concentrations normally found in human plasma also had inhibitory effects. Single-cell experiments showed that the effects of retinoic acid were directly mediated. Retinoids also significantly inhibited G-CSF-induced colony formation in semisolid medium, with 88% inhibition observed at a concentration of retinoic acid of 1 mumol/L. However, we did not observe any effects of retinoic acid on G-CSF-induced differentiation as assessed by morphology and flowcytometry. Similar to previous findings using total bone marrow mononuclear cells, we observed a stimulation of GM-CSF-induced colony formation after 14 days. We also observed a stimulatory effect of low doses of retinoic acid (30 nmol/L) on blast-cell colony formation on stromal cell layers. Taken together, the data indicate that vitamin A present in human plasma has inhibitory as well as stimulatory effects on myelopoiesis.     

New poly-imidazolium–triazole particles by CuAAC cross-linking of calix[4]arene bis-azide/alkyne amphiphiles – a prospective support for Pd in the Mizoroki–Heck reaction

A new imidazolium amphiphilic calix[4]arene with terminal acetylene fragments in the polar region was synthesized according to a two step scheme including regioselective chloromethylation of distal di-O-butyl calix[4]arene and subsequent interaction with 1-(hex-5-yn-1-yl)-1H-imidazole. The aggregation properties (CAC, the size and zeta potential of aggregates) of alkynyl calix[4]arene as well as of previously synthesized azidopropyl calix[4]arene and their 1 : 1 mixture were disclosed. Macrocycles with azide and alkyne fragments in the polar region were covalently cross-linked under CuAAC conditions in water. Successful cross-linking of molecules has been proven by IR spectroscopy and MALDI-TOF spectrometry. The obtained polymeric particles were studied both in solution and the solid state and the presence of submicron (∼200 nm) and micron (∼1–5 μm) particles with the prevalence of the latter was found. The average molecular weight of the polymer according to the static light scattering data was found to be 639 ± 44 kDa. The obtained polymeric imidazolium–triazole particles were tested as a support for Pd(OAc)₂ in the Mizoroki–Heck reaction carried out in both organic and water media. In both solvents (especially in water) the addition of imidazolium–triazole particles to Pd(OAc)₂ increased the conversion of 4-iodanisole. It was found that the ratio between the products (1,1 and 1,2-substituted ethylenes) changes drastically on going from DMF to water from 1 : 5 to 1 : 40 when using supported Pd(OAc)₂.

A new supramolecular approach to the formation of polytriazole–imidazolium particles, promising supports for catalysis, based on self-assembly of amphiphilic bis-azides and bis alkynes and their linkage using CuAAC is presented.     

Definitions of antiretroviral treatment failure for measuring quality outcomes

Objectives

Our aim was to compare three different definitions of treatment failure and discuss their use as quality outcome measures for a clinical service.

Methods

Data for treatment‐naïve patients who attended the Melbourne Sexual Health Centre (MSHC) between 1 January 2000 and 31 December 2008 were analysed. Definition 1 was the strict Food and Drug Administration (FDA) definition of treatment failure as determined using the time to loss of virological response (TLOVR) algorithm. Definition 2 defined treatment failure as occurring in those whose viral load never fell to <400 HIV‐1 RNA copies/mL or who developed two consecutive viral loads ≥400 copies/mL on any treatment (switching or stopping treatment with a viral load <400 copies/mL was permitted). Definition 3 was the same as definition 2 except that individuals were also deemed to have failed if they stopped treatment for 6 months or longer.

Results

There were 310 antiretroviral‐naïve patients who started treatment in the study period. Of these, 156 [50.3%; 95% confidence interval (CI) 42.1–53.3%] experienced treatment failure under definition 1, 10 (3.2%; 95% CI 1.5–5.8%) experienced treatment failure under definition 2, and 16 (4.5%; 95% CI 2.5–7.4%) experienced treatment failure under definition 3 over the 108 months of follow‐up. The probability of failing definition 1 was statistically different from the probability of failing definition 2 or 3 (P=0.01).

Conclusion

There were significant differences in treatment failure for the three definitions. If definition 1 were used, the outcomes would be sufficiently common to enable clinics to be compared but would be less meaningful. If definition 2 or 3 were used, the events would be too rare to enable clinics to be compared, but it would be possible to set a benchmark level of success that clinics could aim to reach.     

克隆并应用计算机软件分析小鼠LASS1基因启动子区的特征

目的:克隆并应用计算机分析小鼠LASS1基因启动子,为进一步研究在细胞衰老过程中LAG1基因的转录调控奠定基础。方法:实验于2006-03/07在汕头大学医学院细胞衰老实验室完成。培养EC109细胞株,预测小鼠LASS1基因启动子所在区域,用PCR技术扩增启动子区序列,构建重组质粒pGEM-T-501、pGEM-T-181、pGEM-T-26,并转化JM109感受态菌,并分别克隆入荧光素酶报告基因载体pGL3-Basic及增强型绿色荧光蛋白报告基因载体pEGFP-1,酶切pGEM-T-501、181、26重组质粒及pGL3-Basic、pEGFP-1载体,制备插入片段和载体,构建重组表达质粒pGL3-501、pGL3-181和pGL3-26及pEGFP-501、pEGFP-181和pEGFP-26,转化JM109感受态菌。用脂质体介导的方法瞬时转染EC109细胞,测定荧光素酶表达活性及观察绿色荧光蛋白的表达情况。结果:①在预测启动子区构建了3种荧光素酶报告基因表达体系及3种增强型绿色荧光蛋白报告基因表达体系,分别为pGL3-501(-501bp～ 106bp)、pGL3-181(-181bp～ 106bp)、pGL3-26( 26～ 106)、pEGFP-501、pEGFP-181和pEGFP-26。②pGL3-501表达载体与pGL3-181表达载体荧光素酶表达活性相近,pGL3-26表达载体荧光素酶表达活性极低,与阴性对照活性相近, 26bp～ 106bp无启动子活性。绿色荧光蛋白的表达情况也类似,pEGFP-501和pEGFP-181有明显的绿色荧光蛋白表达,pEGFP-26和空载体pEGFP-1无表达活性。结论:-181bp～ 26bp区域含有小鼠LASS1基因转录所必需的基本启动子序列。其中2个SP1保守序列是小鼠LASS1基因启动子所必需的。     

Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor of the spleen: a case report

Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumors (IMTs), otherwise known as the inflammatory pseudotumor, is a rare solid mesenchymal tumor, simulating malignant neoplasms, histologically characterized by the proliferation of spindle cells in a fibrous myxoid stroma containing inflammatory cells. CT and MR imaging are the most used tools in their assessment. Clinical features are nonspecific and depend on the localization of the tumor, radiologic findings are polymorphic and no-conclusive and present a diagnostic challenge to the radiologist. Although histology remains obligatory for the final diagnosis. Heren, we report a case of splenic IMT with histological correlation.