Prevalence of Psychopathology in Preschool-Age Children

PROBLEM: Little is known about psychopathology in preschool-age children. METHODS: A review of representative studies of psychiatric disorders in preschoolers. FINDINGS: Sample sizes ranged from 104 to 3,860 subjects, ages 1 to 9 years. Prevalence rates of psychiatric disorders varied from 0.1% to 26.4%; high rates of co-morbidity were reported. CONCLUSIONS: Studies addressing psychiatric disorders in preschoolers are extremely limited. Future research is needed to improve the diagnosis, treatment, and outcomes in preschool-age children.     

Child Bereavement After Paternal Suicide

BACKGROUND. Studies of child suicide survivors are rare and often these studies have not included direct interviews with children.
OBJECTIVES. To describe the bereavement process in a sample of prepubertal children whose fathers died by suicide within the previous three years.
METHODS. Sixteen prepubertal children, their mothers, and a relative or caretaker were interviewed to examine grief, trauma, and behavior within 25 months of paternal suicide.
RESULTS. Reminiscing was the most frequently endorsed grief behavior. Males were more likely than females to score above the standard means for CBCL scores. PTSD scores were significantly related to parental threats of divorce and exposure to death by discovery of the body.
CONCLUSIONS. The concept of grief and trauma as separate and overlapping phenomena is supported by the study findings.     

Transfusion-associated Serratia marcescens infection: studies of the mechanism of action

The growth of two strains of Serratia marcescens in blood components was tested in this study. One of the strains had been implicated in the epidemic of transfusion-associated sepsis experienced in Denmark and Sweden in 1991. In whole blood with a final concentration of 100 colony- forming units per mL of S. marcescens, there was an immediate reduction of more than 95 percent of colony-forming units, but no reduction of the bacterial concentration if the blood had been white cell-reduced before inoculation. This is interpreted as an effect due to phagocytosis by white cells and as a lack of bactericidal effect of the plasma. A reduction to 10 percent of the original concentration, observed if the blood had a nominal content of white cells, was most likely due to phagocytosis. White cell reduction by filtration after inoculation further reduced the bacterial concentration of one of the strains tested, but, after a 1-week lag phase, growth accelerated to high concentrations by 6 weeks. In platelet-rich plasma prepared from S. marcescens-inoculated units, abundant growth was found after 24 hours, increasing to very high concentrations (10(12) colony-forming units/mL) during 10-day storage at 22 +/− 2 degrees C. Keeping the whole blood at ambient temperature for 20 hours before preparation of platelet-rich plasma caused only temporary reduction of bacterial concentration in the S. marcescens experiments, but resulted in a complete absence of bacteria in the platelet-rich plasma for 10 days in control experiments performed with Staphylococcus epidermidis.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

后勤生活服务对职业院校学生心理健康的影响

目的:评价职业院校学生的心理健康状况,分析后勤生活服务对其的影响。方法:①于2006-04采取整群分层随机抽样方法抽取湖南、广西两所医科职业院校1￣4年级(2002/2005)在校学生900名为测试对象,平均年龄(18±1)岁。②采用症状自评量表和自编后勤生活服务条目进行团体测评和比较分析。就餐方式包括4种:学生食堂大锅菜、学生食堂小炒、校外排档、自家吃饭或亲戚家搭餐;住宿去处包括4种:带公厕普通宿舍、带卫生间的公寓、校外租房、走读住家。后勤生活服务态度包括5种:很差、较差、一般、较好、很好。症状自评量表90个条目,采用从1￣5的5级计分。包括10个因子即躯体化、强迫症状、人际关系、抑郁、焦虑、敌对、恐怖、偏执、精神病性、其他,总分,阳性项目数(90个条目中≥2之条目数),分数越高表示心理状况越差。症状自评量表因子分≥2表示阳性分,≥3表示有明显的心理问题。③两组间比较采用独立样本t检验,多组间比较采用单因素方差检验。结果:发放问卷900份,其中湘环职院468份,南宁卫校432份,全部回收合格,有效率100%。①就餐方式间差异:校外排档就餐学生各因子分和总分及阳性项目数均比其他就餐方式高,食堂小炒学生和自家吃饭学生相对较低。不同就餐方式学生症状自评量表中人际关系、偏执2个因子和阳性项目数评分比较,差异明显(F=3.5,3.7,2.65,P≤0.05)。②住宿去处间差异:校外租房学生各因子分和总分均比其他住宿去处学生高,不同住宿去处学生症状自评量表中躯体化、焦虑和精神病性评分差异明显(F=3.32,2.77,2.91,P<0.05)。③后勤生活服务态度间差异:后勤生活服务态度从差到好,所有因子分和总分及阳性项目数基本上依次降低,除其他因子外的其余9个因子分比较,差异明显(F=2.60￣5.78,P<0.05￣0.01)。④后勤服务对职业院校学生心理健康状况的影响因素分析:后勤服务态度、住宿条件为对心理健康有影响的主要因素(t=-4.358,2.552,P<0.01,0.05)。⑤心理健康问题检出率:2所院校900名抽样学生中,有548人(60.9%)症状自评量表因子分≥2,存在各种轻度的不良心理反应;126人(14.0%)因子分≥3,存在比较明显的心理健康问题;196人(21.8%)总均分≥2,整体心理健康出现不良,强迫症状、抑郁和人际关系因子人数最多;16人(1.8%)总均分≥3,整体心理健康有着明显的不良倾向,人际关系、强迫症状和敌对因子为检出率的前3位。结论:①医科职业院校学生的心理健康状况总体较差,校外排档、校外租房、遭遇后勤生活服务态度很差的学生心理健康状况最差。②后勤生活服务特别是服务态度和住宿条件对学生心理健康的影响最大。     

Enhancing the Coping Skills of Mothers with Developmentally Delayed Children

Recent studies have shown that mothers of developmentally delayed children are at risk for depression. During weekly psychoeducational group meetings, Roy's adaptation model was used to identify the focal, contextual, and residual stimuli that contributed to the mothers' depression. Nursing interventions that encouraged adaptation in the four modes were implemented by group facilitators providing parent education and emotional support. Implications for nurses in a variety of settings are given.     

Efficacy of various methods of confidential unit exclusion in identifying potentially infectious blood donations

To determine the efficacy of various methods of confidential unit exclusion (CUE) among donors at increased risk of HIV exposure, we surveyed AABB institutional members on their experience with 3 CUE methods: ballot or barcode, completed at the time of donation, and call-back, performed by the donor after leaving the donor center. From June 1985 to December 1987, 5,049,883 donations at 48 donor centers were evaluable for analysis. The results of this survey suggest that ballot and barcode methods of CUE are important adjuncts to other donor screening procedures in identifying potentially infectious units, and that both of these methods are superior to the call-back system of unit exclusion.     

The Latency-Aged Child in Out-of-home Placement: Treatment Considerations

Outpatient psychiatric care of the latency-aged child in out-of-home placement is discussed. A review of the literature is followed by a discussion of variables which influence the planning of care. These include reason for referral, stage of placement at referral, degree of family and caseworker involvement, and the presence or absence of permanency planning. A thorough assessment of the child, clear differentiation between short- versus long-term treatment indications, and use of community resources are discussed.