2019年青海省人群砖茶饮用现况调查

目的:调查青海省内流通的砖茶品种、产地、氟含量,以及人群砖茶饮用情况,为实施饮茶型地方性氟中毒（简称地氟病）控制措施提供依据。方法:2019年4 - 11月,根据历史资料,对青海省39个县（市、区,简称县）有饮用砖茶习惯的3 066个行政村,每个村抽取10户家庭,调查每户家庭人口学资料及砖茶饮用情况,采集砖茶样本测定氟...     

肝硬化背景下小肝癌的超声漏诊原因分析

目的:分析肝硬化背景下小肝癌的超声漏诊原因。方法:分析41例肝硬化背景下小肝癌超声图像特征,以CT或MRI提示的病灶大小、部位为参考标准,在常规超声声像图上判定病灶是否可检出,比较检出病灶和漏诊病灶大小、部位、肝实质背景差异。结果:41例肝硬化背景下小肝癌49个病灶,检出与漏诊病灶大小及分布部位、肝硬化背景程度,差异有统计学意义。结论:肝硬化小肝癌的大小及结节型肝硬化背景、病灶位置是造成超声漏诊的重要原因。     

2009年青海省平安县饮水型氟中毒病区改水降氟效果评价

为了评价改水降氟成效和分析病情趋势,2009年对青海省平安县3个氟中毒病区村的供水情况、人群患病状况进行调查,现将结果报道如下.     

2008年青海省贵德县地方性氟中毒病情监测结果分析

目的 掌握青海省贵德县地方性氟中毒病情与流行状况,进一步做好氟中毒监测防控工作.方法 2008年,选择贵德县大磨、温泉、保宁村(已改水村)和太平村(未改水村),分别采集枯水期和丰水期末梢水样各1份,按照<生活饮用水标准检验方法>(GB/T 5750.5-2006)检测水氟;对全部8～12岁儿童采用Dean法进行氟斑牙检查,每个年龄组抽检6人采集尿样,用氟离子选择电极法(WS/T 89-1996)检测尿氟;按照<地方性氟骨症诊断标准>(WS 192-2008),对16岁以上成人进行临床氟骨症检查,每个村抽取男女各10人,进行氟骨症X线诊断.结果 大磨、温泉、太平、保宁4个村水氟均值分别为0.58、0.38、2.28、0.57 mg/L,其中太平村水氟均值超过国家生活饮用水卫生标准(1.0 mg/L).共检查8～12岁儿童193人,儿童氟斑牙检出率为49.74%(96/193);共检测儿童尿样116份,尿氟中位数为1.49 mg/L.共检查16岁以上成人1503人,临床氟骨症检出率为51.63%(776/1503);共对82人进行X线拍片,X线氟骨症检出率为20.73%(17/82),X线表现以关节退行性改变及骨间膜骨化为主.结论 贵德县儿童氟斑牙和成人临床氟骨症检出率较高,氟中毒流行较重,防治形势刻不容缓.

Abstract：

Objective To investigate the prevalence of endemic fluorosis in Guide county of Qinghai province, in order to provide appropriate measures to monitor and control the disease. Methods Damo, Wenquan, Baoning villages(water source has been changed) and Taiping village(water source has not been changed) in Guide county were involved in the study in 2008. One tap water sample was collected in dry and rainy seasons, respectively. Water fluoride was tested in accordance with the "Standard Test Methods for Drinking Water" (GB/T 5750.5-2006); of all the children aged 8 to 12, dental fluorosis was diagnosed using Dean criteria; 6 copies of urine samples were collected in each age group, urinary fluoride was measured using fluoride ion-selective electrode (WS/T 89-1996). According to the "Clinical Diagnostic Criteria of Endemic Skeletal Fluorosis "(WS 192-2008), clinical skeletal fluorosis was determined in adults over the age of 16 by X-ray examination for 10 people in each selected village. Results The mean water fluoride was 0.58,0.38,2.28,0.37 mg/L in Damo, Wenquan, Taiping, and Baoning villages, respectively, and that of Taiping village exceeded the national standard(1.0 mg/L). One hundred and ninety-three children aged 8-12 were checked, the detection rate of dental fluorosis was 49.74% (96/193); urine samples of 116 children were tested, median urinary fluoride was 1.49 mg/L A total of 1503 adults over the age of 16 were examined, the clinical detection of skeletal fluorosis was 51.63%(776/1503); a total of 82 people were X-rayed, X-ray detection of skeletal fluorosis was 20.73%(17/82). The characteristic of X-rays were degeneration and ossification of interosseous membrane. Conclusions Prevalence of dental fluorosis of children and adult clinical skeletal fluorosis are higher. The endemic fluorosis is still comparatively serious. Prevention efforts need to be further strengthened.     

川滇地区麻疯树遗传多样性及亲缘关系的cpSSR研究

目的:研究川滇地区麻疯树遗传多样性,探讨居群间亲缘关系,为合理利用麻疯树种质资源及良种选育奠定理论基础。方法:作者运用12对叶绿体微卫星(cpSSR)标记引物对10个麻疯树野生居群进行分析,将扩增出的条带作为原始矩阵,用POPGENE version 1.32软件分析遗传多样性参数,并采用NTSYSpc version 2.10软件进行UPGMA聚类分析,构建系统树状图。结果:共检测到多态性位点22个,多态性位点百分率(P)平均为76.28%。其中,云南双柏(YNSB)居群多态性位点百分率最高,达95.45%;而云南泸水(YNLS)居群多态性位点百分率最低,仅45.45%。Nei’s基因多样性指数He 0.402 0,Shannon信息多样性指数I 0.576 7,有效等位基因数Ae 1.713 6,总基因多样性(HT)0.443 3,基因分化系数Gst 0.080 2,基因流(Nm)3.058 5;居群内基因多样性HS 0.405 1,居群间基因多样性(Dst)0.035 7,表明麻疯树居群内的基因多样性在总居群基因多样性中所占比例较大,麻疯树居群间几乎没有分化;ANOVA分析结果表明,91.02%的变异来源于居群内,8.98%变异来源于居群间,即10个供试麻疯树居群遗传变异主要发生在居群内,居群内的遗传变异大于居群间的遗传变异,这与Nei’s基因分化系数分析结果一致;麻疯树各居群遗传多样性由低到高依次为:云南泸水(YNLS)居群<云南西双版纳(XSBN)居群<四川花棚子(SCHPZ)居群<四川会东(SCHD)居群<四川金河(SCJH)居群<云南普洱(YNPR)居群<四川雷波(SCLB)居群<云南双柏(YNSB)居群<云南法依(YNFY)居群<四川会理(SCHL)居群;10个麻疯树居群的遗传一致度为0.812 7～0.979 8;遗传距离为0.020 4～0.207 3,表明这10个居群间的相似程度较高,遗传距离较小,亲缘关系较近;UPGMA聚类分析显示:10个麻疯树居群可分为两大类,即SCJH居群和SCHPZ居群聚为一类;SCHL居群、SCHD居群、SCLB居群、YNSB居群、YNFY居群、YNPR居群、XSBN居群和YNLS居群聚为另一类。结论:川滇地区麻疯树具有丰富的遗传多样性,但各居群间亲缘关系较近。     

2009年青海省饮水型地方性氟中毒监测结果分析

目的 掌握青海省饮水型地方性氟中毒病情变化和防治措施落实效果,为防治工作提供依据。方法 2009年,采用单纯随机抽样方法选择6个监测县,每个县根据历史资料将病区村分成轻、中、重3个类型,每个类型抽取1个病区村作为监测村。在已改水病区村采集出厂水1份和末梢水3份,在未改水病区村按东、西、南、北、中5个方位各采集1份水样,水氟测定按照《生活饮用水标准检验方法》(GB/T 5750--2006)。对监测村全部8～ 12岁儿童进行氟斑牙检查,氟斑牙诊断采用Dean法。对监测村全部16岁以上常住人口进行临床氟骨症检查,选择其中2个村,对有临床氟骨症症状的成人进行X线氟骨症检查,氟骨症诊断采用地方性氟骨症诊断标准(WS 192-2008)。每个监测村采集儿童尿样30份、成人尿样20份,采用尿中氟化物的测定离子选择电极法(WS/T 89-2006)检测尿氟。结果 6个县18个病区村中,14个村已落实改水项目,改水率为77.78％(14/18),其中5个改水工程供水正常、9个间歇供水;共检测水样75份,水氟均值为0.48 mg/L。8～ 12岁儿童氟斑牙检出率为31.95％(285/892);16岁以上人群临床氟骨症检出率为36.55％(1570/4295),X线氟骨症检出率为25.64％(20/78)。共检测儿童尿样571份,尿氟几何均数为1.04 mg/L;共检测成人尿样370份,尿氟几何均数为1.52 mg/L。结论 青海省饮水型氟中毒流行仍然较为严重,改水防氟措施应进一步加强和完善。     

不同方法测定水和砖茶中氟含量的结果分析

目的 比较不同方法测定水和砖茶中氟含量的结果,验证其等效性,做到一法多测,达到节约人力、物力、财力的效果。方法 运用GB/T 5750.5—2006水中氟离子选择电极测定法(“水标法”)和GB 19965—2005砖茶氟离子选择电极法(“茶标法”)与青海省地方病预防控制所一直沿用的、可同时测水和砖茶中氟离子选择电极法(简称“地防所法”)三种方法,通过控制温度和PH值,对不同样品测定结果进行比较。结果 “水标法”、“茶标法”分别与“地防所法”相比较,Z值分别为0.010、1.090,P均>0.05,差异无统计学意义。结论 “地防所法”可以代替“水标法”、“茶标法”,其结果是等效的。     

高频彩色多普勒超声在46例胸壁结核中的临床价值

目的:探讨高频彩色多普勒超声在诊断胸壁结核中的临床价值。方法:对46例经临床确诊胸壁结核患者的高频超声图像进行对比分析。结果:46例胸壁结核,病变位于前胸壁26例,侧胸壁13例,后胸壁7例。46个病灶中囊性者13例,实性者3例,囊实混合性者30例,其中侵犯肋间肌并与胸膜腔相通者25例;皮肤破溃者3例。结论:高频彩色多普勒超声能清晰显示胸壁结核病灶的形态、特征及浸润范围,其声像图表现与病灶的囊实性有较好的对应关系,对胸壁结核的临床诊断具有重要价值。     

沼液浸种对万寿菊种子发芽及幼苗生长的影响

目的:探索不同沼液浓度、浸种时间对万寿菊种子发芽及幼苗生长的影响,以寻求沼液浸种的最佳浓度和时间组合,为万寿菊栽培管理提供理论依据.方法:采用2因素完全随机试验设计--2个因素分别为沼液浓度(设25%,50%,75%,100%4个水平)和浸种时间(设2,3,4,5h4个水平),以清水作对照,结合主成分分析,探讨沼液浓度和浸种时间对万寿菊种子发芽率、苗高、根长、根系活力、叶绿素(Chl)及丙二醛(MDA)含量的影响.结果:25%沼液浸种Sh和50%沼液浸种4h时万寿菊种子发芽率最高,均达81.3%;50%沼液浸种5h根长最长,浸种4h根系活力最强,均显著高于其余各处理;50%沼液浸种5h,万寿菊Chla,Chlb,Chla+Chlb含量及Chla/Chlb最高,除Chlb外,均显著高于其余19个处理;25%沼液浸种5h万寿菊MDA含量最低,其次为50%沼液浸种4h,两者差异不显著.结论:适宜的沼液浓度和浸种时间处理,能提高万寿菊种子发芽率,促进万寿菊幼苗生长.其中,50%沼液浸种5h对万寿菊种子发芽及幼苗生长的综合效果最佳.     

2009年青海省湟源县地方性氟中毒病情监测结果分析

目的 掌握青海省湟源县饮水型地方性氟中毒病情变化和防治措施落实效果.方法 2009年将湟源县所有地方性氟中毒病区村按改水前水含氟量分为轻、中两类,分别抽取1、2个病区村作为监测点,共抽取3个监测村;每村采集出厂水和末梢水水样进行水氟测定;对监测村所有8～12岁儿童进行氟斑牙检查,并按年龄组采集儿童尿样进行尿氟测定;对监测村16岁及以上成人进行临床氟骨症检查,并采集20人份的尿样,检测尿氟;在3个监测村中选择1个村进行X线氟骨症检查.按照<生活饮用水标准检验方法非金属指标>(GB/T 5750.6-2006)测定水氟,尿氟测定采用氟离子选择电极法(WS/T 89-1996),氟斑牙诊断采用Dean法,成人氟骨症诊断按<地方性氟骨症临床诊断标准>(WS 192-2008).结果 共检测12份水样,水氟为(0.35 ±0.43)mg/L.共检查8～12岁儿童122名,氟斑牙检出率为34.43%(42/122);检测96例儿童尿样,尿氟几何均数为0.89 mg/L.对834名16岁及以上成人进行氟骨症检查,临床氟骨症检出率为47.72%(398/834):检测65例成人尿样,尿氟几何均数为1.10 mg/L;对甘沟村35名成人进行了X线氟骨症检查,检出率为31.4%(11/35).结论 湟源县的3个监测村饮用水含氟量正常,但氟中毒病情仍然很严重,应密切监测,分析原因,改进防治措施.

Abstract：

Objective To investigate the prevalence change of drinking water type of endemic fluorosis and the effect of control measures implemented in Huangyuan county of Qinghai province. Methods In 2009, all the endemic fluorosis villages in Huangyuan county were divided into two degrees, light and medium, according to the water fluorosis content before implementing the improving water project, 1 to 2 villages were selected from each degree village, respectively,as monitoring sites, and a total of 3 villages were selected. Source water and tap water samples were collected from each village and water fluoride concentration was determined. Dental fluorosis of all children aged 8 to 12 of monitoring villages was examined, and urine samples were collected by age group of children for determination of urinary fluoride. Clinical skeletal fluorosis of adults over 16 years of age was examined, and 20 copies of adults urine samples were collected to determine urinary fluoride. One village was selected in the 3 villages monitored to conduct X-rays examination of skeletal fluorosis. Water fluoride was tested in accordance with the "Non-metallic Targets Test Methods for Drinking Water" (GB/T 5750.6-2006); urinary fluoride was tested by fluoride ion-selective electrode method (WS/T 89-1996); dental fluorosis was diagnosed using Dean method;adult skeletal fluorosis was diagnosed by "Clinical Diagnostic Criteria for Endemic Skeletal Fluorosis"(WS 192-2008). Results Twelve water samples were assayed, water fluoride was (0.35 ± 0.43) mg/L. The detectable rate of dental fluorosis of 122 children aged 8-12 was 34.43%(42/122) and the geometric mean urinary fluoride was 0.89 mg/L of the 96 children. Of the 834 adults aged 16 and over, clinical detection of skeletal fluorosis was 47.72% (398/836) and geometric mean urinary fluoride was 1.10 mg/L of the 65 cases of adult urine samples assayed, detection rate of X-rays was 31.4% (11/35) in Gangou village of the 35 adults examined.Conclusions In Huangyuan county, water fluoride of the 3 surveyed villages are normal but the endemic fluorosis is still serious. It should strengthen monitoring and analyze the causes and improve prevention measures.