我国器官捐献的困境及对策

目前,我国器官捐献率低的主要原因有传统文化影响,政策法规不完善,缺乏完善的器官捐献组织机构,社会信任危机等原因.运用综摄法对器官捐献现状及其深层原因进行剖析,提出我国应完善相关医疗政策,建立系统完善的人体器官捐献渠道,加大宣传教育力度,设立专用账户,对器官捐献者应注重人文关怀以及推广脑死亡标准等对策.     

壳聚糖/聚乳酸羟基乙酸组织工程化神经植入犬体内的慢性生物相容性

背景：2个月以内短期生物相容性实验显示,壳聚糖、聚乳酸和聚羟基乙酸对大鼠外周神经均无毒性,可作为组织工程化神经材料。目的：评价壳聚糖/聚乳酸羟基乙酸组织工程化神经植入Beagle犬体内6个月后的慢性生物相容性。方法：在壳聚糖神经导管中插入聚乳酸羟基乙酸纤维制备成组织工程化神经,移植桥接Beagle犬坐骨神经50mm缺损,同时以Beagle犬50mm自体神经移植作为对照组。结果与结论：植入壳聚糖/聚乳酸羟基乙酸组织工程化神经6个月后,Beagle犬精神、食欲、活动等一般情况良好,体质量增加与对照组相当;植入后2,4,6个月血液学和血清生化检测结果与对照组无明显差异;再生神经及其周边组织未出现变性、坏死,心、肝、脾、肺、肾等主要脏器大体解剖和组织切片未见异常。表明壳聚糖/聚乳酸羟基乙酸组织工程化神经植入Beagle犬体内6个月后慢性生物相容性良好。     

冠状动脉介入术后强化他汀类药物治疗的意义

<正>冠状动脉介入术(PCI)围手术期缺血综合征及术后并发症严重影响了患者的预后,甚至增加死亡风险,因此需要寻找一种全身的治疗方案、调整引发急性冠状动脉综合征(ACS)靶点的生物特性及如何改善PCI术后患者围手术期     

脑卒中患者压疮的易患因素及对病死率的影响研究

目的分析脑卒中患者合并压疮感染的易患因素以及对病死率的影响。方法对2001年1月—2009年12月住院的脑卒中患者（12059例）合并压疮（80例）的3方面进行分析,包括合并低蛋白血症、合并糖尿病、合并其他类型感染（肺部感染,泌尿系感染,胃肠道感染）,以及分析对病死率的影响。结果所有患者中合并压疮感染共80例,其中低蛋白血症,合并肺部感染,泌尿系感染的患者压疮发生率均有明显升高,合并糖尿病,胃肠道感染的患者压疮发生率未见明显差异。合并压疮明显提高脑卒中患者的病死率。结论重视脑卒中患者中的低蛋白血症,以及合并肺部感染,泌尿系感染患者的压疮发生情况,做到早预防早治疗,改善患者生活质量。     

房间隔缺损介入封堵术后发绀1例

患者男,43岁.2006年4月于外院行介入房间隔缺损封堵术,术中置入36 mm房缺封堵器,恢复顺利.术后半年,患者出现口唇发绀,活动耐量下降,活动后胸闷、气促,未能明确病因.2007年4月超声心动图提示下腔静脉部分血流回流到左心房.查体:口唇、肢端轻度发绀.心界略增大,心率约80次/min,律齐,未闻及杂音.实验室检查:红细胞5.90×1012/L,血红蛋白196 g/L,红细胞压积0.532.X线胸片示两肺血稍多.右心导管检查提示房间隔缺损封堵器骑跨于下腔静脉上,大部分下腔静脉血回流至左心房(图1).     

体外循环下小儿肌部室间隔缺损的镶嵌治疗

目的 探讨镶嵌模式(hybrid procedure)治疗小儿肌部室间隔缺损(Mvsd)的手术方法及临床应用.方法 2006年1月至2010年6月,在体外循环心内直视手术下采用手术及封堵相结合的镶嵌技术矫治小儿Mvsd 45例,其中男20例,女25例;年龄52天～12岁;体重3～32 kg.7例为单个Mvsd,38例为多发性VSD.同时合并大血管错位(D-TGA)1例、法洛四联症(TOF)2例、肺动脉狭窄(PS)3例、动脉导管未闭(PDA)6例、房间隔缺损(ASD)6例、主动脉缩窄1例.均在心脏停跳后直视下将导引钢丝经三尖瓣孔自心脏右室面穿过VSD至左室面,直视下置入导引器,然后送入封堵器,完成Mvsd封堵.多发性VSD 38例,予自体心包片修补膜周部等较大的VSD,心内其他畸形同期完成矫治.结果 42例置入单枚封堵器(直径4～10 mm)、3例置入双枚封堵器(直径4～7 mm).手术经过顺利,术前左室射血分数(EF)均在正常范围,术后1天小于8月龄组EF均值低于正常,大于8月龄组EF正常,两者差异有统计学意义.术后常规每天给予5 mg/kg肠溶阿司匹林3～6个月.术后随访超声检查示封堵器位置无偏移,无残余分流,无二尖瓣、主动脉瓣反流、Ⅲ度传导阻滞及新发心律失常等.术后因重症感染放弃治疗1例,无远期死亡病例.结论 体外循环下镶嵌技术治疗小儿 Mvsd明显降低了围手术期并发症及病死率,简化了手术过程,降低了手术风险,是一种安全、有效的方法.

Abstract：

Objective To summarize the technique and clinical experience of hybrid procedure under cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) in children with muscular ventricular septal defect (mVSD). Methods From January 2006 to June 2010, 45 cases of mVSD underwent hybrid procedure with CPB. mVSDs were closed with devices under direct vision in 45 cases. Of them, there were 20 males and 25 females. They ranged from 52 days to 12 years [mean (2.05 ±2.48) year] in age and from 3 to 30 kg [(11.93 ±7.70)kg] in body weight. Preoperatively, most of children were highly susceptible to respiratory tract infections. The hybrid approach was used in all patients with CPB under the guidance of transesophageal echocardiography (TEE). The diameter of mVSDs ranged from 2 to 7 mm under TEE. Of 45 cases, 40 patients had increased rates of pulmonary blood flow. 29 patients had left axis deviation and 12 cases had sinus arrhythmia on electrocardiography (ECG). 19 had other congenital heart lesions, including transposition of great arteries in 1 case, tetralogy of Fallot in 2, pulmonary artery stenosis in 3, patent ductus arteriosus in 6, atrial septal defects in 6) and aorta coactation in 1. The quantity of VSDs were from 1 to 7 (single, in 7; two, in 24 case; three, in 8 case; four, in 5 case and seven, in lease. 37 patients were combined with pulmonary hypertension in our cohort. 38 patients with another large VSD and 19 with other congenital heart lesions were required surgical repair at sometime. Results The hybrid procedures were undertaken in all 45 cases of this cohort. All cases were successful and no deaths occurred during operation. A total of 48 devices were implanted in 45 patients, including single devices in 42 cases (device size ranged from 4 to 10 mm) and two devices in 3 cases (device size ranged from 4 -7 mm). The average time on CPB was (58.28 ±20.70) min , while aortic crossclamp time was(34. 94 ± 14.75) min. In addition, the time on mechanical ventilation postoperatively ranged from 2 hours to 6 days. Compared to the older children, 20 infante aged less than 8 monhad a significant difference in cardiac function in the early postoperative period. One infant was given up treatment because of serious infection. Anather cases recovered with the use of supportive treatment, such as using vasoactive agents, digoxin, inhaling nitric oxide, diuresis, and so on. The enteric-coated aspirin was given at dose of 5 mg ? kg -1. day -1 for a period of 3 to 6 months as usual postoperatively. All patients attended follow-up at 1 week, 1 month, 3 months, 6 months, 1 year and 2 years post-procedure. No major complications were encountered during this period. All cases were no instance of migration of any of the devices, residual shunt, aortic regurgitation, atrioventricular valve dysfunction, Ⅲo atrial-ventricular conduction block, new arrhythmia, and so on. There are no death in long-term follow-up. Conclusion Hybrid procedure is safe and effective for the closure of congenital heart defects in children.     

电子香烟增加心脏病发作的风险

<正>"吸烟有害健康"地球人都知道。烟草对于健康的影响表现在多方面。吸烟致癌在世界范围内已经得到公认,吸烟是许多心、脑血管疾病的主要危险因素,吸烟是慢性支气管炎、肺气肿和慢性气道阻塞的主要诱因之一,吸烟可引起胃酸分泌增加,促使慢性炎症及溃疡发生,降低食管下括约肌的张力,易造成返流性食管炎。吸烟妇女可引起月经紊乱、受孕困难、宫外孕、雌激素低下、骨质疏松及更年期提前。孕妇吸烟易引起自发性流产、胎儿发育迟缓和新生儿低体重。其     

右心室Overhaul技术在复杂先心病合并右心室发育不良手术中的运用

目的 总结右心室Overhaul技术在治疗伴右心室发育不良的复杂先天性心脏病中的运用经验,探讨术中操作要点,评估其近中期疗效.方法 回顾性分析我科2006年1月至2021年4月间采用右心室Overhaul技术治疗的合并有右心室发育不良的22例先天性心脏病患者的临床资料,男14例,女8例,其中室间隔完整的肺动脉闭锁15例...     

74例结核性淋巴结炎针吸活检标本结核菌培养临床分析

目的本研究对临床怀疑为结核性淋巴结炎的病人采用细针活检标本做细菌学培养,评价其诊断价值及耐药发生率。方法对110例临床怀疑为结核性淋巴结炎病人采用细针针吸活检术,对所获病理组织进行细胞组织学和细菌培养检查。结果74例患者经组织细胞学及细菌学被诊断为结核性淋巴结炎,其中14例（18．9％）吸引标本分离培养到结核分枝杆菌。14例病人中12例为人型结核分枝杆菌,2例牛型结核分枝杆菌。大多对四种常规抗结核药物敏感,4例（28．5％）一种或多种药物耐药。结论对临床怀疑为结核性淋巴结炎者,凡窦道、脓肿型或见有脓性吸引标本都应作结核菌培养,而结节型培养结果均为阴性,临床意义不大。     

2008年脑血管病临床试验的回顾

脑血管病作为一种严重危害人类健康的疾病,多发生在老年人。随着人口的老龄化,给社会和家庭所造成的负担也越来越重。近年来,随着循证医学的兴起和对脑血管病临床研究投人的加大,脑血管病研究领域的大型随机临床试验也越来越多。这些研究结果的发表,对指导临床实践起到了不可估量的作用,也改变了人们对神经科疾病“重诊断、轻治疗”和“无规范化治疗”的成见。现就2008年脑血管病救治领域发表的一些重要文献进行回顾,以期对临床专科医师了解专业的进展有所帮助。