FDG uptake in breast cancer: correlation with biological and clinical prognostic parameters

The aim of this study was to evaluate the possible correlation between preoperative FDG-PET results in human breast cancer and the prognostic markers Ki-67, c- erb B2, p53, oestrogen/progesterone receptor status, axillary lymph node status, tumour size and tumour grading. Seventy-five female patients with breast cancer were included in this prospective study. Patient selection was independent of tumour size and the suspected clinical stage of disease. A high-resolution full-ring scanner (Siemens ECAT HR+) was used for PET imaging. The FDG uptake of breast tumours was calculated as the tumour to background ratio (TBR). In resected cancer tissue specimens, the proliferative fraction was evaluated by Ki-67 immunostaining. Additionally, immunostaining of the prognostic markers c-erb B2, p53, and progesterone and oestrogen receptors was performed. Haematoxylin and eosin-stained sections were used for tumour grading. Correlations between FDG uptake and prognostic markers were assumed to be significant at P<0.05 using the Mann-Whitney U test. In ductal breast cancer, mean TBR was 17.3 (median 7.7, range 1.6-122.7), while in lobular cancer it was 6.5 (median 3.7, range 1.4-22.7). Mean proliferative fraction (% Ki-67 positive tumour cells) was 15%+/-13.8% (median 10%, range 0%-60%). Twenty-three carcinomas showed <5% Ki-67 positive tumour cells. Statistical analysis indicated a positive correlation between FDG uptake and proliferative index in ductal breast cancer ( P<0.0001, r=0.63). By contrast, there was no correlation between FDG uptake and c- erb B2 ( P=0.79), p53 ( P=0.92), tumour grading ( P=0.09), oestrogen receptor status ( P=0.41), progesterone receptor status ( P=0.34), axillary lymph node status ( P=0.90) and tumour size ( P=0.3). It is concluded that FDG uptake is significantly higher in ductal breast cancer than in lobular cancer ( P<0.05). FDG uptake correlates with proliferative activity assessed by Ki-67 immunostaining ( P<0.05). A significant correlation with the other prognostic markers, however, could not be demonstrated.     

Vascular screening prior to placement of tunnelled and cuffed hemodialysis catheters

Purpose: To demonstrate the importance of venous vascular screening before the placement of tunneled and cuffed hemodialysis catheters in patients requiring hemodialysis prior to placement and/or maturation of an arteriovenous fistula (AVF) or graft (AVG). Methods: Between October 1998 and March 2000, all patients requiring hemodialysis access placement were prospectively evaluated with duplex ultrasound for status of upper extremity vessels and central veins prior to selection of a permanent access site. When interim tunneled and cuffed hemodialysis catheters were required, they were placed on the side contralateral to proposed AVF/AVG placement. No catheters were placed without initial vascular screening. The study group was compared to historical controls during a similar period (April 1997 through September 1998) when no vascular screening was performed. Results: During the study period, 234 screening duplex ultrasound examinations were performed in 244 patients. Ten patients required no screening prior to access site placement. Overall, 353 catheters were placed, 243 (69%) on the right side and 110 (31%) on the left side. During the control period, 394 catheters were placed in 255 patients, 306 (78%) right-sided and 88 (22%) left-sided. The increase in left-sided catheters with ultrasound screening and careful planning for future access sites was significant (p<0.01). Conclusion: Vascular-screening-directed catheter placement significantly alters the side of catheter placement when compared to a management protocol without prior screening. Such screening helps identify the side of permanent access placement, while directing interim catheters to the contralateral side such that central veins may be preserved for permanent access.     

98例药品不良反应报告分析

药品不良反应（ADR）是指合格药品在正常用法用量下出现的与用药目的无关或意外的有害反应。据国家ADR监测中心统计，我国每年有19．2万人死于ADR，ADR不仅严重影响着患者的生命健康安全，同时也造成了有限卫生资源的浪费，《药品管理法》已将药品不良反应监测工作纳入法制化管理。我院自2005年4月成立了ADR监测工作组织后，ADR报告表明显增多，本文对我院2005年已上报的98例ADR进行回顾性分析，现报告如下。     

临床试验的伦理审查:精神障碍

精神障碍可能影响患者理解知情告知信息的能力,并可能影响他们做出参加临床研究理性决定的能力.对于涉及因精神障碍而不能给予充分知情同意受试者的临床研究,伦理委员会应该确保：在给予充分知情同意能力没有受损的人身上能同样好地进行研究,这类人就不能成为受试者;研究的目的是为获得有关精神障碍者特有的健康需要的知识;已获得与每位受试者能力程度相应的同意,可能的受试对象拒绝参加研究应始终受到尊重,除非在特殊情况下,没有合理的医疗替代方法,并且当地法律允许不考虑拒绝;如果可能的受试对象没有能力同意,应获得其法定代理人的许可.     

全球范围召回抗凝血药希美加群（Exanta）

经过上市几年的资料反馈,阿斯利康公司(AstraZeneca)已向全球召回其抗凝血药希美加群(ximelagatran,Exanta)。EXTEND临床研究显示,接受本品治疗的患者中出现了严重肝损害的不良反应。鉴于以上不良反应,美国FDA已发出不批准函,英国的新药申请已撤销,法国已经延期。两项正在进展中的试验已停止,所有待批准的申请均被撤销。希美加群已在12个国家上市销售,被批准用于预防髋、     

咪达普利与福辛普利治疗原发性高血压患者咳嗽发生率及降压疗效的对照研究

目的比较高血压患者应用咪达普利或福辛普利的咳嗽发生率以及降压疗效。方法采用前瞻性开放、随机交叉对照、多中心研究。原发性高血压患者符合入选标准者，随机分为二组，分别给予咪达普利或福辛普利，观察8周。然后，二组交叉，咪达普利组改服福辛普利，福辛普利组改服咪达普利，继续治疗8周。观察二组的咳嗽发生率和降压疗效。结果试验Ⅰ期（交叉前）咪达普利组咳嗽发生率为10．9％，福辛普利组为17．0％；试验Ⅱ期（交叉后）咪达普利组咳嗽发生率为15．3％，福辛普利组为18．8％，试验Ⅰ期、试验Ⅱ期二组差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）；试验Ⅰ期、试验Ⅱ期合并后咪达普利组咳嗽发生率为13％，福辛普利组为17．8％，二组比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。试验Ⅰ期和试验Ⅱ期咪达普利组和福辛普利组血压均显著性降低，治疗前后差异均有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。在4周时咪达普利组降收缩压和舒张压均优于福辛普利组（P〈0．01）；在8周时咪达普利组在降收缩压上优于福辛普利组（P〈0．01），但在降舒张压上两组之间差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论高血压患者应用咪达普利或福辛普利降压治疗后，咳嗽发生率二组相似，但在4～8周时的降压效果咪达普利优于福辛普利。     

麻醉科住院医师规范化培训探索

针对我国基层医院麻醉专业水平偏低的现状 ,我院尝试开展了麻醉专业住院医师规范化培训计划 ,取得了显著的成效。本文总结了我们的经验和方法 ,并对实施该计划的必要性和可行性进行了分析 ,探讨培养高素质临床麻醉医师 ,提高我国麻醉专业继续教育事业水平的新方法     

一期治愈肛周脓肿的技巧

肛门直肠周围脓肿简称肛周脓肿，是指肛门直肠周围软组织感染所形成的化脓性疾患，常因脓肿破溃而伴发肛瘘，瘘管性脓肿和肛瘘二者病理相同，是同一疾病的两个阶段。多种因素均能引起肛周脓肿，其中隐窝腺感染是最常见的，因肛窦开口向上，粪便易进入或损伤肛窦而致感染。感染可沿肛腺管进入肛腺，通过腺体的管状分支或联合纵肌纤维向上、下、外三处扩散到肛管直肠周围间隙，形成各种不同部位的脓肿，     

过敏性紫癜患儿可溶性血管细胞黏附分子-1、免疫球蛋白A抗内皮细胞抗体检测的意义

目的探讨可溶性血管细胞黏附分子-1(SVCAM-1)、IgA抗内皮细胞抗体(IgAAECA)在过敏性紫癜(HSP)诊断中的价值及两者的关系。方法采用ELISA检测55例HSP患儿(其中急性期40例,恢复期15例),20例健康儿血清SVCAM-1水平,应用荧光免疫印片法检测IgAAECA阳性率。结果HSP肾炎组SVCAM-1较非肾炎组明显升高,且急性期高于恢复期,差异均有显著意义(P均<0.01)。HSP肾炎组IgAAECA阳性率明显高于无肾炎组,IgAAECA阳性组SVCAM-1高于阴性组,差异均有显著意义(P均<0.01)。结论SVCAM-1、IgAAECA参与HSP的发病过程,可反映疾病进展程度。     

体外诱导Balb／C小鼠ES细胞定向分化为胰岛样细胞团的形态观察

目的 体外诱导Balb／C小鼠胚胎干细胞定向分化为胰岛样细胞团，观察细胞表面形态学的变化。方法 选用Balb／C小鼠ES细胞．经过拟胚体(EB)发育分化4d后开始定向诱导培养，不同时问段分别向细胞培养基中添加碱性成纤维细胞生长因子、胰岛素样生长因子-1和尼克酰胺和N等细胞生长因子，使ES细胞定向分化为胰岛样细胞团。免疫细胞化学检测表达胰岛素和胰高血糖素的阳性细胞。原子力显微镜(AFM)原位扫描阳性细胞团。结果EB细胞生长为大小不一、境界清楚的细胞团，细胞团内细胞排列紧密。胰岛B细胞数量多，主要分布在细胞团的中央，边缘少，染色较淡。而表达胰高血糖素的A细胞主要分布在细胞团的边缘，数量相对较少。AFM扫描可见表达胰岛素的阳性细胞团，其表面有很多类似神经纤维的纤维束，连接成网络状。在细胞质中，还有很多类圆形的颗粒物质，其大小几乎一致．粒径都处于0．5～1．0μm间。结论 诱导分化得到的细胞团不仅有形态和功能上的成熟，而且还具备良好的组织结构，为细胞的移植疗法提供了可靠的凭据。