Histopathology training in Europe: a lesson for other specialties?

Critical shortages of trained histopathologists limit the capacity of cancer and other clinical services. A survey of histopathology training in 18 European countries conducted by the European Union of Medical Specialists Section of Pathology/European Board of Pathology revealed a considerable shortage of both trained and trainee histopathologists in several of the responding countries. Demographic data indicate a high preponderance of trained histopathologists over 55 years of age and a notable proportion of part-time personnel. Although the training capacity in some countries has been increased, the immediate future of histopathology and the clinical services dependent on the specialty is worrisome. The histopathology workload is growing, and, in some countries, recruitment of trainees is insufficient for future needs. To avert the serious consequences for dependent clinical specialties and their patients, there should be a concerted European action to promote and expand histopathology training.     

Human Leucocyte Differentiation Antigen nomenclature: update on CD nomenclature. Report of IUIS/WHO Subcommittee

The 7th International Workshop on Human Leucocyte Differentiation Antigens (HLDA7) studied a number of newly characterised molecules relevant to human leucocyte differentiation and function. The HLDA organisation, which devised and continues to maintain the CD nomenclature, is responsible, under the auspices of IUIS and WHO, for the nomenclature of all leucocyte differentiation markers. The 7th Workshop redefined a number of (principally carbohydrate) molecules, and assigned CD names to approximately 80 new molecules. This update lists, in tabular form, the redefined and newly assigned names, together with antibodies, which have been confirmed under Workshop conditions as specific for the new and redefined molecules. The major features of the cellular expression patterns are summarised, and a LocusLink accession number provided to enable the reader to access more detailed information through http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/LocusLink.     

最新发现—人类疱疹病毒—6型为移植患者并发感染的重要病原体

本女主要介绍了人类疱疹病毒—6型在移植患者中发生感染的流行病学、临床表现、以及该病毒致病的免疫学基础、临床治疗及控制措施。     

Immune status and uptake of antiretroviral interventions to prevent mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1 in Africa

The aim of this study performed in Abidjan, C?te d'Ivoire, was to describe the distribution of CD4+ T-cell lymphocytes (CD4) in HIV-1-infected (HIV+) pregnant women diagnosed during prenatal voluntary counseling and testing and to assess whether HIV-related immunodeficiency influenced the acceptance of an antiretroviral (ARV) package (zidovudine beginning at 36 weeks of amenorrhea plus intrapartum nevirapine) to prevent mother-to-child transmission. Between April and June 2002, a CD4 count was systematically performed in all HIV+ women (n=221) in 5 antenatal clinics carrying out voluntary counseling and testing. No difference in CD4 count was found in HIV+ women who did not return for their test result (n=50) and those who were informed of their positive serostatus (n=171) (median CD4 count: 389/mm3 vs. 420/mm3; P=0.19). We also found a lack of difference in CD4 count in those who accepted ARV (n=72) and those who did not but knew their HIV status (n=99) (median CD4 count: 405/mm3 vs. 425/mm3; P=0.47). The overall uptake of the intervention (31.9%) appeared to be independent of the maternal immune status.     

Efficacy and immunologic responses to influenza vaccine in HIV-1-infected patients

Influenza vaccine is recommended for HIV-1-infected patients. The present prospective study was conducted to evaluate the clinical efficacy and immunologic responses to the vaccine. From November 1 to December 27, 2002, 262 HIV-1-infected patients received a trivalent influenza subunit vaccine, whereas 66 did not. Influenza illness occurred in 16 vaccinated and 14 nonvaccinated patients (incidence = 6.1% [95% confidence interval (CI): 4%-10%] in vaccinated vs. 21.2% [CI: 13%-35%] in nonvaccinated persons, P < 0.001; relative risk = 0.29 [CI: 0.14-0.55]). Influenza vaccine provided clinically effective protection against influenza illness in HIV-1-infected patients. In baseline antibody-negative patients, anti-H1 and anti-H3 antibody responses to the vaccination were significant in those patients with a CD4 count >200 cells/muL compared with those with a CD4 count <200 cells/muL (P < 0.05). In contrast, in baseline antibody-positive patients, good antibody responses were observed irrespective of CD4 counts, like the healthy controls. Based on these results, annual vaccination is recommended. Specific CD4 responses correlated with HIV-1 viral load (VL), especially in patients treated with highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) compared with those without HAART (P < 0.01), although the clinical efficacy did not correlate with HIV-1 VL. HAART may enhance the immunologic efficacy of influenza vaccine.     

A meta-analytic review of HIV behavioral interventions for reducing sexual risk behavior of men who have sex with men

This meta-analysis examines the efficacy of international HIV prevention interventions designed to reduce sexual risk behavior of men who have sex with men (MSM). We performed a comprehensive search of published and unpublished English-language reports of HIV prevention interventions that focus on MSM and evaluated changes in risky sexual behavior or biologic outcomes related to sexual risk. Data from 33 studies described in 65 reports were available as of July 2003. Studies with insufficient data to calculate effect sizes were excluded from the meta-analysis. Interventions were associated with a significant decrease in unprotected anal intercourse (odds ratio [OR] = 0.77, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.65-0.92) and number of sexual partners (OR = 0.85, 95% CI: 0.61-0.94) and with a significant increase in condom use during anal intercourse (OR = 1.61, 95% CI: 1.16-2.22). Interventions successful in reducing risky sexual behavior were based on theoretic models, included interpersonal skills training, incorporated several delivery methods, and were delivered over multiple sessions spanning a minimum of 3 weeks. Behavioral interventions provide an efficacious means of HIV prevention for MSM. To the extent that proven HIV prevention interventions for MSM can be successfully replicated in community settings and adapted and tailored to different situations, the effectiveness of current HIV prevention efforts can be increased.     

2014—2021年石家庄市生活饮用水水质变化趋势分析

目的 对石家庄市2014—2021年生活饮用水常规指标进行监测,分析水质及主要监测指标变化趋势。方法 收集整理2014—2021年石家庄市生活饮用水监测资料,分析生活饮用水合格率、主要监测指标合格率、主要监测指标变化趋势。 结果 2014—2021年石家庄市共监测水样10529份,总合格率为77.15%;地表水合格率（99.08 %）高于地下水（75.96 %）、城市水合格率（85.17 %）高于农村水（75.05%）、枯水期合格率（79.79%）高于丰水期（74.51%）,完全处理水合格率（99.10%）高于仅消毒（86.29%）和未处理（70.70%）（P均<0.05）。2014—2021年石家庄市生活饮用水最低合格率为69.49%,最高合格率为82.28%,总合格率呈上升趋势（P<0.05）。主要指标耐热大肠菌群 、菌落总数、总硬度、硝酸盐、硫酸盐的合格率均呈上升趋势（P<0.05）,菌落总数、硝酸盐、氟化物、总硬度、溶解性总固体、硫酸盐、氯化物的含量均呈下降趋势（P<0.05）。结论 石家庄市2014—2021年生活饮用水水质整体呈现优化趋势,微生物指标仍是影响水质的主要因素。     

紫苏籽油与亚麻籽油合用安全性及降血脂作用研究

目的 评价紫苏籽油与亚麻籽油合用的安全性及降血脂作用。方法 通过急性经口毒性试验、Ames试验、骨髓细胞微核试验、小鼠精子畸形试验和大鼠30天喂养试验对紫苏籽油与亚麻籽油合用的安全性进行考察;通过建立大鼠混合型高脂血症模型,经口灌胃不同剂量（250、750、1500mg/kg.BW）的紫苏籽油与亚麻籽油混合物连续30天,测定血脂指标,对紫苏籽油与亚麻籽油合用的降血脂作用进行考察。结果 安全性试验结果显示,紫苏籽油与亚麻籽油合用对大、小鼠急性经口MTD值均＞15.0g/kg.BW,属无毒级;Ames试验、骨髓细胞微核试验、小鼠精子畸形试验结果均为阴性;30天喂养试验未引起动物中毒性损伤改变。降血脂试验结果显示,与模型对照组比较,紫苏籽油与亚麻籽油合用的三个剂量组的总胆固醇（TC）、甘油三酯（TG）显著降低（F=4.405,P=0.010;F=4.601,P=0.008）,降血脂作用明显。结论 紫苏籽油与亚麻籽油合用的安全性高,无致突变性及亚急性毒性,并且具有较好的降血脂作用。