Anatomic comparison of transarticular screws with lateral mass screws in cervical vertebrae

Objective:To compare the potential incidence of nerve root (ventral and dorsal ramus) injury caused by cervical transarticular screws and Roy-Camille lateral mass screws. Methods:Insertion techniques with Klekamp transarticular screws and Roy-Camille lateral mass screws were respectively performed in this study. Each technique involved four specimens and 40 screws, which were inserted from C3 to C7. And 20-mm-long screws were used to overpenetrate the ventral cortex. The anterolateral aspect of the cervical spine was carefully dissected to allow observation of the screw-ramus relationship. Results : The overall percentage of nerve invasion was significantly lower with Klekamp (45 %) technique than with Roy-Camille (85%) technique (P<0.05). The largest percentage of nerve invasion for Klekamp transarticular screws was found at the dorsal ramus (25%), followed by the ventral ramus (15%) and the bifurcation of the ventral dorsal ramus (5 %). The largest percentage of nerve invasion for Roy-Camille lateral mass screws was found at the ventral ramus (80 %). Conclusion : The potential risk of nerve root invasion is lower with Klekamp transarticular screws than with Roy-Camille lateral mass screws.     

下颈椎经关节螺钉联合侧块或椎弓根螺钉固定的效果

Objective To discuss the effect of transarticular screws combined with lateral mass screws or pedicle screws through posterior approach in the lower cervical spine. Methods From February 2003 to October 2007, 22 patients were treated using transarticular screws internal fixation combined with lateral mass screws or pedicle screws in Axis plating system and Vertex system. There were cervical fracture and dislocation in 13 patients, ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament in 4, cervical canal stenosis associated with dentoid process fracture in 1, and cervical disc herniation associated with cervical stenosis in 4 patients. Lamina or facet bone grafting were used to achieve a long-term stability, with decompression and anterior approach or not. The starting point for screw insertion was located 1 mm medial to the midpoint of the lateral mass and the direction of the screw was 40° caudally in the sagittal plane and 20° laterally in the axial plane. Results All screws insertion was successful. A total of 45 transarticular screws were inserted, with 2 in C4,5, 39 in C5,6 and 4 in C6,7. A total of 12 lateral mass screws were inserted, with 6 in C3 and 6 in C4. A total of 41 pedicle screws were inserted, with 4 in C2, 2 in C3 and 6 in C4, 21 in C7 and 8 in T1. There was no complication related to screw insertion, such as injury to the vertebral artery, nerve roots or spine cord. The follow-up period ranged from 10 months to 3 years and 8 months (mean 17 months). All cases got bone fusion. Only one instance of screw partial backout was identified, but fusion was achieved in all pa-tients. In the follow-up period, only one instance of screw partial backout was identified, but fusion was achieved in all patients. Conclusion The combined use of transarticular screws and lateral mass screws or pedicle screws fixation in the lower cervical spine can enlarge the advantages of strong stability,relatively simple, and reduce operating risk when performed appropriately.     

硬膜粘连的预防及治疗

椎板切除术后少部分患者症状不能缓解或复发,导致腰椎手术失败综合征FBSS。研究发现,椎板切除术后硬脊膜及神经根的瘢痕粘连是腰椎手术失败综合征的重要原因。20世纪40年代,Key与Ford对椎板切除术后硬膜粘     

椎弓根螺钉技术在下颈椎不稳中的安全使用方法

目的探讨颈椎椎弓根技术在下颈椎疾病的安全使用方法。方法回顾性分析2001年10月-2006年3月76例下颈椎疾病行颈椎椎弓根固定患者,其中49例为颈椎骨折脱位, 23例为颈椎病,4例为椎管内肿瘤。患者术前均行X线和CT等检查,术中在C形臂X线监视下置钉,术后行X线和CT检查了解螺钉位置。结果76例螺钉均成功置入,术中无脊髓、椎动脉损伤。术后CT显示,342枚螺钉中有37枚(10.8%)螺钉穿破椎弓根,其中29枚螺钉穿破椎弓根外侧皮质,3枚螺钉穿破椎弓根上侧皮质,5枚螺钉穿破椎弓根下侧皮质。所有患者近期及远期随访未发现与椎弓根螺钉相关的神经血管及内脏器官损伤的并发症。有1枚螺钉断裂,但患者没有明显的临床症状,其余未发现螺钉松动或断钉及颈椎不稳症等。所有患者固定良好,并均已达骨性融合。术后随访脊髓神经功能均有不同程度改善。结论颈椎椎弓根固定提供了三柱的稳定和最坚强的后方固定,为了防止并发症的发生,熟悉颈椎椎弓根的解剖和手术操作技巧以及采用个体化综合置钉是决定手术成功的重要因素。     

颈椎后路经关节螺钉钢板内固定术在下颈椎骨折脱位中的应用

目的探讨后路经关节螺钉钢板固定在下颈椎骨折脱位中的临床应用。方法2003年2月-2006年5月,对22例严重下颈椎骨折脱位采用后路经关节螺钉Axis钢板固定10例;后路联合前路减压、植骨融合、Orion钢板固定12例,共置入78枚经关节螺钉。术中运用Klek- amp经关节螺钉技术,以侧块中心点内侧1 mm为进钉点,进钉角度在矢状面上尾倾40°,在冠状面上外倾20°,行四层皮质固定。结果22例患者均获得随访,时间3个月～3年,平均15个月。术中所有螺钉均成功置入,1例患者术后第3天出现C7单侧神经根刺激症状,未予特殊处理,3个月后症状消失。没有出现椎动脉和脊髓损伤等其他置钉相关并发症。发现1例螺钉松动部分脱出,经加强颈托制动,术后3.5个月仍获得融合。其余患者均融合成功。结论下颈椎后路经关节螺钉钢板固定如使用得当,固定可靠、操作简单、相对安全。经关节螺钉钢板置入前,必须行脱位复位和小关节间植骨。     

髋臼骨折的手术治疗

目的介绍应用不同手术入路及方法治疗髋臼骨折的经验。方法回顾性总结了2001年～2004年收治的资料完整的手术治疗髋臼骨折61例,分型按照Letournel—Judet骨折分型：髋臼后壁骨折的6例,后柱骨折的7例,前柱骨折3例,横行骨折8例,“T”形骨折6例,后壁伴后柱骨折10例,前方伴后方半横行骨折3例,双柱骨折9例,根据不同骨折类型采用重建钢板及拉力螺钉固定。结果全部患者均得以随访,平均随访15．4个月,复位情况按Judet等的方法来进行评估：解剖复位48例,满意复位9例,不满意4例。髋关节功能按Harris评分系统进行评估：优40例,良10例,可7例,差4例。结论手术治疗是髋臼骨折的有效治疗办法,手术人路的选择,复位的质量、尤其是臼顶的复位、牢固的固定及早期功能锻炼是治疗的关键。     

枢椎棘突螺钉与椎弓根螺钉的解剖学比较

目的：比较枢椎棘突螺钉和椎弓根螺钉的技术难度和相关解剖学参数,探讨枢椎棘突螺钉固定的可行性和安全性。方法：自2010年2月至7月,选取10具颈椎标本,男5具,女5具,年龄45～76岁,平均60.5岁。将标本俯卧,颈部置于中立位。从C1-C3剔除颈部后侧所有的软组织,以清楚地暴露枢椎侧块和峡部。枢椎椎体左右侧任意选择进行棘突螺钉和椎弓根螺钉固定,各10枚螺钉,置入直径为4.0mm的皮质骨螺钉。枢椎棘突螺钉以枢椎棘突螺钉的进钉点选择为棘突的基底部、棘突和椎板的交界处,进钉角度水平置钉,螺钉由对侧棘突基底部穿出,形成双层皮质固定;枢椎椎弓根螺钉进钉点为枢椎下关节突根部中点,钉道方向与矢状面夹角15°～20°,与横断面夹角约30°。螺钉置入后,使用多层螺旋CT扫描机对标本进行扫描重建。测量螺钉在骨内的实际深度,记录椎弓根螺钉和棘突螺钉置钉失败、穿破椎弓根、进入椎管或置入横突孔的螺钉数目。结果：枢椎棘突螺钉和椎弓根螺钉的置入均无明显的技术困难。棘突螺钉未见螺钉置入椎管和劈裂棘突,但椎弓根螺钉有1枚螺钉突出椎弓根外侧皮质,侵犯横突孔。枢椎棘突螺钉的平均钉道长度为（21.4±1.4）mm,稍短于枢椎椎弓根螺钉的（23.7±1.0）mm,但两者间差异无统计学意义（t=-4.387,P〉0.05）。结论：枢椎棘突基底部具有螺钉固定的可行性,枢椎棘突螺钉较椎弓根螺钉固定相对安全、简单。     

下颈椎经关节螺钉钉棒系统固定的生物力学研究

目的：比较下颈椎三柱损伤后单独经关节螺钉固定（TAS）、经关节钉棒系统同定（TRS）和侧块螺钉钉棒系统固定（LRS）的三维稳定性。方法：12具新鲜颈椎标本．制成C4／5、C5／6节段三柱损伤模型，分别进行单独经关节螺钉（TAS组）、经关节螺钉钉棒系统（TRS组）和侧块螺钉钉棒系统（LRS组）三种方法固定，在非限制性和非破坏性的实验条件下测试其前屈、后伸、左右侧弯和轴向旋转运动状态的稳定性。结果：TAS组和TRS组在各方向的运动范同（ROM）和中性区（NZ）的均数均显著小于完整标本组，差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）；LRS组在前屈、后伸、侧弯运动中的ROM和NZ与完整标本组比较有显著降低，差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）；LRS组在旋转运动中的ROM和NZ与完整标本组比较有不同程度的降低，但差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。TAS、TRS在各个方向稳定性明显优于LRS组（P〈0．05）。TRS在前屈运动中的ROM和NZ与TAS组比较有所减小，但无统计学意义（P〉0．05）；在后伸、侧弯和旋转运动中，TRS组稳定性明显优于TAS组，有统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论：在下颈椎三柱损伤选择经关节固定技术时以钉棒形式同定稳定性更好。     

胸椎后路经关节肋骨螺钉固定技术的提出及其解剖学研究

脊柱后路经关节内同定技术具有悠久的应用历史[1-6].我们在国内外首次提出胸椎后路经关节肋骨螺钉固定(transarticular rib screw,TARS),并通过胸椎标本的实际置钉探索这项技术的解剖学可行性及其临床意义,报告如下.