Recent Advances and Prospects in the Differentiation of Pancreatic Cells From Human Embryonic Stem Cells

Recent studies with human embryonic stem (hES) cells have established new protocols for substantial generation of pancreatic progenitors from definitive endoderm. These findings add to the efficient derivation of definitive endoderm, which is controlled by Wnt and Nodal pathways, and delineate a step forward in the quest for alternative β-cell sources. It also indicates that critical refining of the available strategies might help define a universal protocol for pancreatic differentiation applicable to several cell lines, therefore offering the possibility for transplantation of immune-matched or patient-specific hES–derived β-cells. We appraise here the fundamental role that bone morphogenetic protein, fibroblast growth factor, and retinoid signaling play during pancreas development, and describe a fundamental emergence of their combination in recent studies that generated pancreatic cells from hES cells. We finally enumerate some prospects that might improve further differentiation of the progenitor cells into functional β-cells needed in diabetes cell therapy.     

Complications following pancreatic transplantations: imaging features

Whole organ vascularized pancreatic transplant is a recognized treatment for diabetes and is increasingly being performed worldwide. The procedure itself is complex and is associated with significant mortality and morbidity. Despite improvements in surgical techniques, postoperative complications of pancreatic transplantation are still common and include graft rejection, pancreatitis, peripancreatic fluid collections, exocrine leaks, vascular thrombosis, and hemorrhage. In this pictorial essay, we review clinical presentation and imaging features of these complications. We also briefly discuss technique and complications of islet cell transplants.     

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??Objective To detect the value of 3D T1W-WATS sequence on cartilage display of hemophilic arthropathy using quantitative and qualitative assessment. Methods Totally 16 joints including 8 knees and 8 ankles ??13 joints with hemosiderin deposition?? from 16 hemophilia patients were scanned on a 3.0 T MR ??Achieva TX??Philips Health care??Best??The Netherlands?? with sagittal 3D T1W-WATS sequence and 2D T2*W sequence. Signal to noise ratio ??SNR?? of cartilage and relative contrast between cartilage and surrounding tissues were employed to measure the performance of two sequences quantitatively??SNRcartilage= SIcartilage/standard deviationnoise?? relative contrast=??SIcartilage-SIsurrounding tissues??/??SIcartilage+SIsurrounding tissues??. Cartilage of 13 joints were divided into 142 subareas according to the literature. The impact of hemosiderin deposition was evaluated by counting the number of subareas where the display of cartilage was affected qualitatively. Results SNR of 3D T1W-WATS sequence was??53.93±18.80????and SNR of 2D T2*W sequence was??52.96±24.32??. There was no statistical difference for SNR between two sequences??P??0.05????3D T1W-WATS sequence exhibited better relative contrast between cartilage and bone marrow?? cartilage and fat?? cartilage and fluid than 2D T2*W sequence??P??0.05????42 of 142 subareas of cartilage were covered with hemosiderin partially or completely in 2D T2*W sequence??while the number was only 16 in 3D T1W-WATS sequence??there being statistical difference ??P??0.05??. Conclusion 3D T1W-WATS sequence is superior in the evaluation of cartilage display for hemophiliac joints with better relative contrast and immunity to hemosiderin deposition?? compared with 2D T2*W sequence.     

Fissurectomie avec ou sans anoplastie muqueuse

Surgical treatment of anal fissure is represented by fissurectomy with or without anoplasty.