随机引物PCR法分型大肠艾希菌及其在判断医院感染中的应用

目的对大肠艾希菌(艾希菌)进行随机引物PCR(AP—PCR)法基因分型并应用于医院感染的判断。方法以优化的随机引物、反应体系和扩增条件对临床分离的161株艾希菌进行AP—PCR法基因分型并按指纹图上DNA条带数及片段大小绘制基因分型图谱，同时对艾希菌的医院内感染进行了观察与分析。结果161株艾希菌共得AP—PCR型120种；艾希菌的医院内感染确实存在。结论AP—PCR法可对艾希菌有效分型并可用于艾希菌医院内感染的判断。     

The Clearance of High-Risk Human Papillomavirus is Sooner After Thin Loop Electrosurgical Excision Procedure (t-LEEP)

Abstract

Purpose/aim of the study: To investigate high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) infection clearance following thin loop electrosurgical excision procedure (t-LEEP) among patients with cervical benign lesion. Materials and Methods: This retrospective study analyzed clinical data from patients with cervical benign lesion and HPV infection, who had undergone t-LEEP (T-Group), compared with patients with HPV infection undergone no treatment (NT-Group). Both groups attended regular follow-up between January 2008 and January 2012. Kaplan–Meier analysis was used to compare the HPV clearance time. Results: The average clearance time was 7.7?months (M) (95% confidence interval [CI]: 6.5–8.9 M) in T-Group, and 10.4?M (95%CI: 9.4–11.3 M) in NT-Group, with significant difference between groups (p?=?0.003). Among patients with low viral load, the HPV clearance times were 7.6?M (95%CI: 6.3–9.0 M) in T-Group and 9.7?M (95%CI: 8.6–10.8 M) in NT-Group (p?=?0.042). Among patients with high viral load, the HPV clearance times were 8.0?M (95%CI: 5.3–10.6 M) in T-Group and 11.4?M (95%CI: 9.7–13.1 M) in NT-Group (p?=?0.041). The average time of HPV clearance in T-Group was shorter than NT-Group in all age groups, with significant differences in ≤29Y-group (p?=?0.008) and 30–39Y-group (p?=?0.005). The accumulated clearance rate of HPV infection at sixth month and 12th month were 24.5% and 67.9% in T-Group, 7.8% and 43.1% in NT-Group, with significant differences (p?=?0.001 at 6th month, p?=?0.032 at 12th month). Conclusions: T-LEEP accelerates the clearance of high-risk HPV infection and make the HPV infection rates dropped rapidly in the first year.     

The “pumpgate” incident: Stigma against lactating mothers in the U.S. workplace

ABSTRACT

Studies conclude that breastfeeding for six months is associated with better lifelong health for the mother and the child. Mothers in the U.S. returning to work after maternity leave report difficulty with the need to take frequent breaks to pump breastmilk so many stop breastfeeding. Factors discouraging pumping breastmilk in the workplace motivated a content analysis of public comments posted in response to a legal deposition that occurred in January of 2011 in which an attorney who was a new mother was challenged about taking a break to pump breastmilk. A total of 899 public comments posted on Yahoo in 2015–2016 in response to this earlier incident were analyzed for content. Of these, only 336 mentioned breastfeeding. Overall, 148 comments showed support for breastfeeding or pumping breastmilk at work, while 182 comments showed moderate to strong disapproval (six unclassified). The majority of disapproving comments were critical of pumping breastmilk in the workplace. Implications of these findings for the duration of breastfeeding after returning to work are discussed.     

双膦酸盐在髋部骨折治疗中的若干问题

髋部骨折每年在全球范围内都有很高的发生比例,与之相伴随的严重并发症的发生是临床中亟待解决的问题。而发生髋部骨折的最主要原因是骨质疏松的存在,并在骨折的整个发生发展过程中起着重要的影响作用。双膦酸盐类药物具有抑制破骨细胞活性和增高骨密度的特点,能够有效降低骨质疏松患者发生骨折的风险,同时又具备较好的用药安全性,是临床上应用最广泛的抗骨质疏松类药物。但是,近几年有研究指出长期服用双膦酸盐可抑制骨组织自然更新,导致骨折延迟愈合和再骨折的发生。本文就双膦酸盐类药物在骨质疏松性髋部骨折治疗过程中应该注意的几点问题进行综述。     

根据孕妇参数预测胎儿体重的神经网络方法

本文采用反向传播神经网络算法,根据孕妇身高、体重、宫高及腹围预测胎儿体重。建立了一个预测胎儿体重的网络模型,讨论了确定网络拓扑结构的方法。采用该方法预测了１４０例胎儿体重,预测符合率高达８５％,相对误≤１０％者占预测总数的９４．２８％。采用神经网络分析输入对于输出的贡献的结果表明孕妇宫高对于胎儿体重影响最大。     

Metformin reduces morphine tolerance by inhibiting microglial-mediated neuroinflammation

Background

Tolerance seriously impedes the application of morphine in clinical medicine. Thus, it is necessary to investigate the exact mechanisms and efficient treatment. Microglial activation and neuroinflammation in the spinal cord are thought to play pivotal roles on the genesis and maintaining of morphine tolerance. Activation of adenosine monophosphate-activated kinase (AMPK) has been associated with the inhibition of inflammatory nociception. Metformin, a biguanide class of antidiabetic drugs and activator of AMPK, has a potential anti-inflammatory effect. The present study evaluated the effects and potential mechanisms of metformin in inhibiting microglial activation and alleviating the antinociceptive tolerance of morphine.

Methods

The microglial cell line BV-2 cells and mouse brain-derived endothelial cell line bEnd3 cells were used. Cytokine expression was measured using quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Cell signaling was assayed by western blot and immunohistochemistry. The antinociception and morphine tolerance were assessed in CD-1 mice using tail-flick tests.

Results

We found that morphine-activated BV-2 cells, including the upregulation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK) phosphorylation, pro-inflammatory cytokines, and Toll-like receptor-4 (TLR-4) mRNA expression, which was inhibited by metformin. Metformin suppressed morphine-induced BV-2 cells activation through increasing AMPK phosphorylation, which was reversed by the AMPK inhibitor compound C. Additionally, in BV-2 cells, morphine did not affect the cell viability and the mRNA expression of anti-inflammatory cytokines. In bEnd3 cells, morphine did not affect the mRNA expression of interleukin-1β (IL-1β), but increased IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) mRNA expression; the effect was inhibited by metformin. Morphine also did not affect the mRNA expression of TLR-4 and chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2). Furthermore, systemic administration of metformin significantly blocked morphine-induced microglial activation in the spinal cord and then attenuated the development of chronic morphine tolerance in mice.

Conclusions

Metformin significantly attenuated morphine antinociceptive tolerance by suppressing morphine-induced microglial activation through increasing AMPK phosphorylation.