Analysis of subtraction methods in three-dimensional contrast-enhanced peripheral MR angiography

PURPOSE: To compare the effectiveness of three image subtraction algorithms designed to improve arterial conspicuity in first-pass contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance (MR) angiography. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Three subtraction methods were analyzed through computer simulations, phantom studies, and clinical studies. These algorithms were: complex subtraction, magnitude subtraction, and maximum intensity projection subtraction. RESULTS: In high resolution three-dimensional imaging, maximum intensity projection subtraction generally yields the best background suppression. Complex subtraction is effective in reducing partial volume effects in low resolution imaging. Magnitude subtraction works better in high resolution, low contrast concentration protocols. CONCLUSION: Choosing the appropriate subtraction method according to the protocol is helpful in optimizing image quality.     

Biliary reconstruction is enhanced with a collagen-polyethylene glycol sealant

Bile leaks occur in up to 27 per cent of liver transplant patients after biliary reconstruction. Synthetic sealants have not been investigated for these biliary procedures. We performed a randomized controlled study to evaluate a novel absorbable polyethylene glycol/collagen biopolymer sealant (CT3 Surgical Sealant) after incomplete end-to-end choledochocholedochostomy (CDCD) in pigs. Pigs (n = 18) underwent transection of the common bile duct and incomplete CDCD over a T-tube, leaving a one-sixth circumferential defect anteriorly. Animals were randomly assigned to treatment (CDCD with sealant, n = 9) or control (no sealant, n = 9). Drains were used to monitor leak volume and bilirubin (bili) concentration. Cholangiography was performed on postoperative day 3. Leaks were defined as drain bili/serum bill > 3, total drain output > 10 mL/kg, and/or extravasation on cholangiography. Animals sacrificed at 3 and 8 weeks (n = 4 and n = 5 from each group, respectively) underwent pathologic examination of the CDCD site. Statistical methods included Student's t test, chi2, linear regression, and analysis of variance procedures. The control group had a higher drain output rate over the first 4 postoperative days than the treatment group (P < 0.05, analysis of variance). Five of nine (56%) control and one of nine (11%) treatment animals had a bile leak (P < 0.05, chi2). There was no major inflammatory response to the sealant versus controls. We conclude that CT3 is effective in decreasing biliary leaks in an incomplete CDCD porcine model with no major adverse pathologic changes. This sealant should be considered for trials for biliary reconstruction in humans.     

The sexual behaviour of youth in Tobago. A report on the development of a health promotion project

The development of a health promotion project to meet the sexual health needs of youth in Tobago is described. Quantitative and qualitative research was conducted by and with young people, followed by a process of feedback and consultation with adult and youth stakeholders. Key results of the sexual health research are presented.     

Eating together is important: using a dining room in an acute elderly medical ward increases energy intake

AIM: To investigate the effect of eating in a supervised dining room, on nutritional intake and weight, for elderly patients on an acute medicine for the elderly ward. METHOD: Patients on the intervention ward were encouraged to attend a dining room every lunch time by a trained nursing assistant as part of the rehabilitation process. The patients on the control ward ate only by their bedside. Food intake and weight data were collected over the study period on each patient. RESULTS: Forty-eight patients participated in the study. At the lunch time meal studied the dining room group had higher intakes of energy compared with the controls [489 kcal (95% CI: 438-554) versus 360 kcal (95% CI: 289-448), P < 0.013]. There was no difference in protein intake between the groups [18.9 g (95% CI: 16.6-21.2) versus 17.7 g (95% CI: 13.2-22.2), P=0.63]. No significant difference in weight gain between the two groups was seen (P=0.6). However, there was a trend towards weight gain in the dining room group. CONCLUSION: Food intake can be improved by using a supervised dining room, and this will potentially lead to weight gain and corresponding improvements in nutritional status and rehabilitation.     

Measures to control an outbreak of pertussis in a neonatal intermediate care nursery after exposure to a healthcare worker.

BACKGROUND: Hospitalized premature infants are particularly vulnerable to morbidity and mortality from pertussis. Effective prevention and investigative and control measures are not well described. OBJECTIVE: To identify the source of nosocomial pertussis in a 2-month-old premature infant in a neonatal intermediate care nursery (ICN) and to critically review the investigation and outbreak control measures. SETTING: An ICN and a neonatal intensive care unit. METHODS: We queried healthcare workers (HCWs) and family members about cough illness and contacted potentially exposed patients to determine whether they had symptoms of pertussis. Culture and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing for Bordetella pertussis were performed by the hospital laboratory with specimens collected from symptomatic patients and HCWs. Levels of pertussis toxin immunoglobulin G antibodies were measured in HCWs with cough of at least 14 days' duration at a public health laboratory. Extensive control measures were instituted. RESULTS: Four ICN HCWs met the clinical case definition for presence of pertussis. Serologic test results were positive for 3 of the HCWs. The primary case patient was a 36-year-old HCW with a cough illness of 3-weeks' duration that was accompanied by paroxysms, whoop, posttussive emesis, and pneumothorax. Among the 4 affected HCWs, the duration of cough illness prior to identification of the infant index patient ranged from 11 to 25 days. Outbreak control measures included isolation of the infant case patient, furlough and treatment of symptomatic HCWs, administration of chemoprophylaxis to contacts, and surveillance for additional cases. Seventy-two infant patients and 72 HCWs were exposed and were given antibiotic prophylaxis. One additional case of pertussis, confirmed by PCR and culture, occurred in a resident physician who declined prophylaxis; she had cared for the index patient but had no contact with symptomatic HCWs. CONCLUSION: HCWs or patients may serve as the source of pertussis in nosocomial outbreaks, which can result in substantial morbidity and outlay of resources for control measures. Our review suggested that a diagnosis of pertussis should be an early consideration for HCWs with cough illness. Targeted pertussis immunization of HCWs, employee health policies that provide for testing and furlough of HCWs with prolonged cough, and monitoring of HCWs for compliance with infection control measures could reduce the morbidity and costs associated with pertussis outbreaks. These measures will require evaluation of their effectiveness.     

Hospital inpatient self-administration of medicine programmes: a critical literature review

Aim The Department of Health, pharmaceutical and nursing bodies have advocated the benefits of self- administration programmes (SAPs), but their implementation within UK hospitals has been limited. Perceived barriers are: anticipated increased workload, insufficient resources and patient safety concerns. This review aims to discover if benefits of SAPs are supported in the literature in relation to risk and resource implications.Method Electronic databases were searched up to March 2004. Published English language articles that described and evaluated implementation of an SAP were included. Outcomes reported were: compliance measures, errors, knowledge, patient satisfaction, and nursing and pharmacy time.Results Most of the 51 papers reviewed had methodological flaws. SAPs varied widely in content and structure. Twelve studies (10 controlled) measured compliance by tablet counts. Of 7 studies subjected to statistical analysis, four demonstrated a significant difference in compliance between SAP and controls. Eight studies (5 controlled) measured errors as an outcome. Of the two evaluated statistically, only one demonstrated significantly fewer medication errors in the SAP group than in controls. Seventeen papers (11 controlled) studied the effect of SAPs on patients’ medication knowledge. Ten of the 11 statistically analysed studies showed that SAP participants knew significantly more about some aspects of their medication than did controls. Seventeen studies (5 controlled), measured patient satisfaction. Two studies were statistically analysed and these studies suggested that patients were satisfied and preferred SAP. Seven papers studied pharmacy time, three studied nursing time but results were not compared to controls.Conclusions The paucity of well-designed studies, flawed methodology and inadequate reporting in many papers make conclusions hard to draw. Conclusive evidence that SAPs improve compliance was not provided. Although patients participating in SAPs make errors, small numbers of patients are often responsible for a large number of errors. Whilst most studies suggest that SAPs increase patient’s knowledge in part, it is difficult to separate out the effect of the educational component of many SAPs. Most patients who participated in SAPs were satisfied with their care and many would choose to take part in a SAP in the future. No studies measured the total resource requirement of implementing and maintaining a SAP.