A review on comb-shaped amphiphilic polymers for hydrophobic drug solubilization

Comb-shaped amphiphilic polymers are rapidly emerging as an alternative approach to amphiphilic block copolymers for hydrophobic drug solubilization. These polymers consist of a homopolymer or copolymer backbone to which hydrophobic and hydrophilic pendant groups can be grafted resulting in a comb-like architecture. The hydrophobic pendants may consist of homopolymers, copolymers and other low-molecular weight hydrophobic structures. In this review, we focus on hydrophobically modified preformed homopolymers. Comb-shaped amphiphilic polymers possess reduced critical aggregation concentration values compared with traditional surfactant micelles indicating increased stability with decreased disruption experienced on dilution. They have been fabricated with diverse architectures and multifunctional properties such as site-specific targeting and external stimuli-responsive nature. The application of comb-shaped amphiphilic polymers is expanding; here we report on the progress achieved so far in hydrophobic drug solubilization for both intravenous and oral delivery.     

Hip and Knee Replacement in the HIV positive patient

Arthroplasty is used to relieve pain associated with degenerative or inflammatory joint disease, some post-traumatic joint problems, and avascular necrosis. Avascular necrosis, inflammatory and post-traumatic problems are seen on a regular basis in areas of high HIV seroprevalence. Degenerative arthritis is rare in younger HIV patients, however. Historically the only group of HIV patients in which arthroplasty has been common is that which received contaminated factor VIII transfusions in the 1980''s. Haemophiliacs get a haemophilic arthropathy from repeated bleeds into joints and so is an additional complication.Much of the previous literature on this topic has focused on haemophiliac patients. This review examines the success of arthroplasty in HIV positive patients, with an emphasis on non-haemophiliac patients. We conclude that arthroplasty can be a safe procedure for HIV positive individuals if the surgery is carried out in good conditions, and early results are encouraging.