Inflammation and adipose tissue: effects of progressive load training in rats

Introduction

Cytokines (IL-6, IL-10 and TNF-α) are increased after exhaustive exercise in the rat retroperitoneal (RPAT) and mesenteric adipose tissue (MEAT) pads. On the other hand, these cytokines show decreased expression in these depots in response to a chronic exercise protocol. However, the effect of exercise with overload combined with a short recovery period on pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine expression is unknown. In the present study, we investigated the regulation of cytokine production in the adipose tissue of rats after an overtraining-inducing exercise protocol.

Methods

Male Wistar rats were divided into four groups: Control (C), Trained (Tr), Overtrained (OT) and recovered overtrained (R). Cytokines (IL-6, TNF-α and IL-10) levels and Toll Like Receptor 4 (TLR4), Nuclear Factor kBp65 (NF-kBp65), Hormone Sensitive Lipase (HSL) and, Perilipin protein expression were assessed in the adipose tissue. Furthermore, we analysed plasma lipid profile, insulin, testosterone, corticosterone and endotoxin levels, and liver triacylglycerol, cytokine content, as well as apolipoprotein B (apoB) and TLR4 expression in the liver.

Results

OT and R groups exhibited reduced performance accompanied by lower testosterone and increased corticosterone and endotoxin levels when compared with the control and trained groups. IL-6 and IL-10 protein levels were increased in the adipose tissue of the group allowed to recover, in comparison with all the other studied groups. TLR-4 and NF-kBp65 were increased in this same group when compared with both control and trained groups. The protein expression of HSL was increased and that of Perilipin, decreased in the adipose in R in relation to the control. In addition, we found increased liver and serum TAG, along with reduced apoB protein expression and IL-6 and IL-10 levels in the of R in relation to the control and trained groups.

Conclusion

In conclusion, we have shown that increases in pro-inflammatory cytokines in the adipose tissue after an overtraining protocol may be mediated via TLR-4 and NF-kBp65 signalling, leading to an inflammatory state in this tissue.     

Solubilization of Drugs by Physiological Mixtures of Bile Salts

Purpose. The solubilization of a number of steroids was determined in bile salt simple micelles and a bile salt/phospholipid micellar system to provide a better basis to predict the extent of drug solubilization in vivo. Methods. Excess solid drug was dispersed in taurodeoxycholate or mixed micelle solutions prepared with fixed mole ratios of taurocholate, taurodeoxycholate, taurochenodeoxycholate, glycodeoxycholate, glycocholate, and glycochenodeoxycholate with egg phosphatidylcholine. Drug concentrations were determined from the absorbance following centrifugation. Using NMR spectroscopy, the diffusivities of the simple and mixed micelles were 2 × 10^-6 and 8 × 10^-7 cm²/s, respectively. Results. From the change in the concentration of drug in solution with a change in the lipid concentration, the solubilization ratio (SR) was calculated. The SR and aqueous solubility were used to calculate the micelle/aqueous partition coefficients (K_m/w). K_m/w was correlated with octanol/water partition (P_o/w) for the TDC and mixed micelle data sets with correlation lines of logK_m/w = 0.74logP_o/w + 1.55 (r² = 0.91) and logK_m/w = 0.61 logP_o/w + 2.44 (r² = 0.95), respectively. Conclusions. With such data, a refined, predictive relationship between the in vitro and the in vivo solubilization with additional information concerning the bile salt/lipid concentration in the human intestine appears possible.     

Molecular subtyping to detect human listeriosis clusters

We analyzed the diversity (Simpson's Index, D) and distribution of Listeria monocytogenes in human listeriosis cases in New York State (excluding New York City) from November 1996 to June 2000 by using automated ribotyping and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). We applied a scan statistic (p相似文献   

Teaching children about their internal bodies

Children's knowledge about their internal bodies is related to their developmental age and the manner in which they are taught. Nurses need to consider appropriate methods, language, and timing for teaching basic anatomy and physiology to early school-age children to increase its effectiveness.     

低血糖指数膳食改善超重老年糖尿病患者氧化应激水平

目的:观察低血糖指数的膳食对2型糖尿病患者氧化应激状态的影响。方法:2004-10/11在上海市静安区二个社区卫生服务中心招募受试者,经医生明确诊断为2型糖尿病、病程超过6个月,体质量指数≥24kg/m2的老年糖尿病志愿者43名,受试者对试验知情同意。采用随机交叉试验随机分配至低血糖指数饮食组和高血糖指数饮食组,每种膳食分别连续使用4周,间隔洗脱期4周,比较试验前后患者超氧化物歧化酶、脂质过氧化产物丙二醛和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶含量的变化。结果:受试者依从性好,除1人因试验期间发现肿瘤而退出试验,42名志愿者按设计要求完成试验。膳食干预后低血糖指数饮食组和高血糖指数饮食组的超氧化物歧化酶活力分别升高了15.68%和21.33%,丙二醛水平分别下降23.94%和21.55%,谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶活力分别升高了15.74%和17.09%;干预后低血糖指数饮食组丙二醛下降水平与高血糖指数饮食组比较差异有显著性意义(P<0.05),而超氧化物歧化酶和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶活性两组间差异无显著性意义(P>0.05)。结论:在控制总能量的基础上给予平衡膳食能够改善其氧化应激水平,采用低血糖指数食物有助于氧化应激水平的改善。     

Ceftiofur-resistant Salmonella strains isolated from dairy farms represent multiple widely distributed subtypes that evolved by independent horizontal gene transfer

Salmonella is the leading cause of known food-borne bacterial infections in the United States, with an incidence rate of approximately 15 cases per 100,000 people. The rise of antimicrobial-resistant Salmonella subtypes, including the appearance of subtypes resistant to ceftriaxone, represents a particular concern. Ceftriaxone is used to treat invasive cases of Salmonella in children and is closely related to ceftiofur, an antibiotic commonly used to treat diseases of cattle. In order to develop a better understanding of the evolution and transmission of ceftiofur resistance in Salmonella, we characterized ceftiofur-resistant and -sensitive Salmonella isolates from seven New York dairy farms. A total of 39 isolates from these seven farms were analyzed for evolutionary relatedness (by DNA sequencing of the Salmonella genes fimA, manB, and mdh), antibiotic resistance profiles, and the presence of bla(CMY-2), a beta-lactamase gene associated with resistance to cephalosporins. Our data indicate that (i) resistance to ceftriaxone and ceftiofur was highly correlated with the presence of bla(CMY-2); (ii) ceftiofur-resistant Salmonella strains were geographically widespread, as shown by their isolation from farms located throughout New York State; (iii) ceftiofur-resistant Salmonella strains isolated from farms represent multiple distinct subtypes and evolutionary lineages, as determined by serotyping, DNA sequence typing, and antimicrobial-resistance profiles; and (iv) ceftiofur-resistant Salmonella strains evolved by multiple independent acquisitions of an identical bla(CMY-2) allele and by clonal spread of ceftiofur-resistant subtypes.