Direct and indirect acquisition of syringes from syringe exchange programmes in Baltimore, Maryland, USA

Syringe exchange programmes (SEPs) are a fundamental source of sterile syringes and other health services for injection drug users (IDUs). However, various obstacles prevent many individuals from obtaining syringes from this source. As a result, some IDUs acquire syringes from “secondary exchangers”. The current study assessed the acquisition of syringes from the Baltimore City Needle Exchange Program (BNEP) as well as factors associated with obtaining syringes from the BNEP. Participants were asked to identify the colour of the cap of the most recently obtained syringe (red or grey cap suggested BNEP origins). In addition, support and risk network variables were examined. Although 38% reported using a syringe with a grey or red cap, only 7% reported that the BNEP was their primary source of syringes. Multivariate analyses showed that reporting the most recent syringe cap as red or grey was associated with obtaining syringes from the BNEP, obtaining syringes from a spouse, obtaining syringes from friends/neighbours, and number of drug users in their network. Based on these findings, encouraging secondary exchange is an effective method of providing injectors with syringes.     

利鲁唑对吗啡镇痛、耐受和依赖作用的影响(英文)

目的　研究利鲁唑对阿片镇痛、耐受及躯体功能的调节。方法　采用冰醋酸扭体 ,5 5℃热板法和热辐射甩尾法观察利鲁唑对小鼠痛阈及吗啡镇痛效应的影响 ;采用小鼠急性和慢性吗啡耐受模型及小鼠吗啡依赖模型 ,观察利鲁唑对吗啡耐受和依赖的作用。结果　单独皮下注射利鲁唑 2 .5～ 10mg·kg- 1在以上 3种模型无镇痛作用 ,然而能剂量依赖性地增强吗啡镇痛效应。利鲁唑 2 .5～ 10mg·kg- 1剂量依赖性地对抗吗啡引起的急性和慢性耐受。在小鼠吗啡依赖模型中 ,利鲁唑 2 .5～ 10mg·kg- 1剂量依赖性地抑制吗啡戒断症状的产生。结论　利鲁唑自身无镇痛作用 ,但能显著增强吗啡镇痛效应 ,并能预防吗啡所引起的耐受和依赖     

丙泊酚对N-甲基-D-天冬氨酸所致PC12细胞损伤的保护作用

目的　探讨静脉麻醉药丙泊酚 (PPF)脑保护作用的可能机制。方法　乳酸脱氢酶 (LDH)法及MTT比色法判断细胞损伤程度及细胞存活率 ,Fura 2 /AM荧光标记法测定细胞内Ca2 + 浓度 ( [Ca2 + ]i)的变化 ,分光光度法测定细胞一氧化氮合酶 (NOS)活性。结果　N 甲基 D 天冬氨酸 (NMDA) 3 0 0 μmol·L-1处理4h可明显导致PC1 2细胞的损伤 ,表现为LDH释放量明显增加 ,吸光度值A570nm明显降低 ,细胞存活率降低 ,同时 [Ca2 + ]i 和NOS活性则明显增加。PPF6.2 5 ,2 5 ,1 0 0 ,40 0 μmol·L-1与NMDA同时处理PC1 2细胞则使LDH释放量显著降低 ,细胞存活率增加。PPF 1 2 .5和 1 2 5 μmol·L-1可显著降低NMDA诱导的[Ca2 + ]i 水平及NOS活性的提高。结论　PPF对NMDA所致的PC1 2细胞损伤有明显的保护作用 ,其机制可能与其抑制NMDA受体的功能 ,降低 [Ca2 + ]i,减弱Ca2 + 超载 ,并降低NMDA诱导的NOS活性增加有关。提示PPF可能是通过抑制NMDA受体 Ca2 + NOS通路的功能而产生细胞保护效应     

中国人群1型血管紧张素11受体基因启动子区域单核苷酸多态与原发性高血压病和冠心病的相关性(英文)

目的:在中国汉族人群中检测Ⅰ型血管紧张素Ⅱ受体(AT1)基因启动子区域的单核苷酸多态(SNPs),并探讨其与原发性高血压病(EH)及冠心病(CHD)的发病相关性。方法:应用PCR-直接测序法检测AT1基因启动子区域序列,在160例EH、128例CHD、185例EH合并CHD及160例健康对照者中,对所发现的SNPs进行基因分型和统计分析。结果:在AT1基因启动子区域共发现6个SNPs,其中-810A/T多态与另4个SNPs(-713G/T,-214A/C,213G/C和-153A/G)几乎呈完全的连锁不平衡,EH组与对照组相比,-810A/T多态的基因型和等位基因分布未达统计学差异,CHD组与对照组相比,-810A等位基因分布达到统计学临界值(x~2=3.649,P=0.056),810A/T多态的基因型分布在EH合并CHD组(TT=126,TA=51,AA=8)分别与EH组(TT=127,TA=26,AA=7,x~2=6.410,P=0.041)和对照组(TT=130,TA=24,AA=6,x~2=7.742,P=0.021)相比,均有显著性差异,EH合并CHD组的A等位基因频率显著高于对照组(0.181 vs 0.106,x~2=7.690,P=0.006)和EH组(0.181 vs0.125,x~2=4.119,P=0.042),携带TA基因型(OR=1.977,95％CT 1.160-3.354,P=0.011)或A等位基因(OR=1.548,95％(CI 1.015-2.361,P=0.043)的EH患者并发CHD的危险性显著增加。结论:本研究首次报道在中国汉族人群中,AT1基因-810A/T多态可能是EH合并CHD发病     

Facilitating effect of histamine on spatial memory deficits induced by dizocilpine as evaluated by 8-arm radial maze in SD rats

AIM: To investigate whether or not histamine is involved in spatial memory deficits induced by dizocilpine (MK-801) as evaluated by 8-arm radial maze of rats. METHODS: 8-Arm (4-arm baited) radial maze was used to measure spatial memory in rats. RESULTS: Bilaterally intrahippocampal (ih) injection of MK-801 (0.3 μg/site) impaired working memory and reference memory in rats. Both histamine (50, 100 ng/site, ih) and intraperitoneal (ip) injection of histidine (100, 200 mg/kg) markedly improved the spatial memory deficits induced by MK-801. On the other hand, the ameliorating effect of histidine (100 mg/kg, ip) was completely antagonized by α-fluoromethylhistidine (α-FMH, 5 μg/site, ih), a potent and selective histidine decarboxylase (HDC) inhibitor, and H_1-antagonist pyrilamine (1 μg/site, ih), but not by H_2-antagonist cimetidine, even at a high dose (2.5 μg/site, ih). CONCLUSION: The hippocampal histamine plays an important role in the ameliorating effect on MK-801-induced spatial memory deficits,     

颈总动脉切除术10例回顾性分析

目的 探讨颈总动脉切除术的适应症和术前准备的一般规律。方法 对我院自1986年～2003年17年问的10例颈总动脉切除术病例进行回顾性分析。其中年龄22～59岁，急诊手术4例，选择性颈动脉切除6例。结果 急诊手术中2例出现中枢神经系统并发症，选择性手术组中1例出现中枢神经系统并发症。除1例因脑转移癌死亡外，随访均健在。结论 行不重建血管的颈总动脉及分歧部切除术，高龄患者须严格掌握适应症，须无脑血管疾病史，术前须进行Matas试验，要有侧支循环建立的客观依据；对年轻患者(30岁以下)可适当放宽手术指征。     

HBV-YMDD变异患者与中医虚实辨证关系初探

目的 :初步探讨服用拉米夫定后HBV -YMDD变异患者中医辨证虚证、实证之间的关系。方法 :对服用拉米夫定半年以上的乙型慢性病毒性肝炎患者采用联合基因集团上海博华基因技术有限公司出品的迈科锐乙型肝炎病毒突变检测基因芯片 ,进行HBV -YMDD变异检测。出现HBV -YMDD者 ,根据中医基础理论 ,将其分为实证、虚证 ,来探讨HBV -YMDD变异患者中医虚、实辨证的关系。结果 :HBV -YMDD变异患者中实证变异率(38/ 4 8)明显高于虚证 (10 / 4 8) ,具有统计学意义。结论 :HBV -YMDD变异与虚、实辨证之间具有相关性。     

宁夏枸杞无公害生产关键技术研究与示范

分析无公害枸杞生产的相关因子，研究枸杞无公害生产关键技术，并进行示范与推广：枸杞产品已基本符合无公害食品的部颁标准。     

红花与弥可保联合治疗糖尿病周围神经病变的研究

目的　评价红花与弥可保联合应用对糖尿病周围神经病变的疗效。方法　将 86例糖尿病周围神经病变患者随机分组对照观察 ,治疗组 4 3例 ,予红花注射液 2 0mL溶于生理盐水 5 0 0mL中静脉点滴 ,每日 1次 ,同时每日肌注弥可保 5 0 0 μg ,共 5周 ;对照组 4 3例 ,单用弥可保肌注 ,每日 5 0 0 μg ,共 5周。结果　治疗组痛觉过敏及感觉减退有效率达 84 % ,明显高于对照组的 6 0 % (P <0 .0 5 ) ;治疗组神经传导速度改善的有效率与对照组相比也有明显提高(P <0 .0 5 )。结论　红花与弥可保联合应用可明显改善对糖尿病周围神经病变。