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701.
702.
BACKGROUND: Asthma clinics have become widespread in general practice with
nurses now playing an important role in asthma review. However, little is
known about training of nurses carrying out reviews and how this affects
the nurse role in patient management. OBJECTIVES: We aimed to discover the
level of asthma training of practice nurses carrying out review of adult
asthma patients in one Health Authority and to see if this has any effect
on their perception of their role. METHOD: All 187 practice nurses in
Grampian were sent a postal questionnaire investigating how asthma review
is organized in general practice, their role in review and the asthma
training they had received. Personal interviews were carried out with 17
nurses, exploring in more depth the topics covered in the questionnaire.
RESULTS: A total of 167 nurses from 92% of the practices in Grampian
responded, of whom 61% carried out asthma reviews. Among nurses carrying
out reviews 71% did so on their own. 49% of nurses had or were training for
advanced asthma qualification. Nurses without an asthma qualification were
significantly more likely to feel that their training was not sufficient
for their asthma related tasks (54% versus 11%, P = 0.0002). Nurses without
advanced asthma qualifications were less likely to provide or review a
self-management plan (29% versus 49%, P = 0.01), to review patient PEF
recording (38% versus 65%, P < 0.01), to discuss patient worries (75%
versus 94%, P < 0.05) or to make the initial diagnosis of asthma (24%
versus 76%, P < 0.005). Nurses were unlikely to view their role as fully
responsible unless they had an asthma qualification (13% versus 49%, P <
0.001). CONCLUSION: Nurses without advanced asthma qualifications do not
feel fully confident in responsibility for patient management. Nurses
without training are more likely to only carry out routine monitoring at
reviews while nurses with asthma training are more likely to actively
develop patient self- management skills. This suggests that nurses should
be supported to obtain asthma qualifications if they are to give the best
possible care to asthma patients.
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703.
704.
应用AR-CM-MIC阳离子测定系统,研究TMB-8对体外新生SD大鼠单个脑细胞内游离钙的抑制作用及其机制。结果表明,在无细胞外钙情况下,静息[Ca2+]i为79±13nmol·L-1。TMB-810,30μmol·L-1能明显降低静息[Ca2+]i。TMB-8100μmol·L-1对高钾去极化引起的[Ca2+]i显著增高无明显影响。在细胞外钙为1.3mmol·L-1时,去甲肾上腺素诱导的细胞内[Ca2+]i升高可部分被TMB-8抑制;TMB-8(30μmol·L-1)对BHQ引起的[Ca2+]i的升高无明显抑制作用。而当细胞外液[Ca2+]i为0时,TMB-8几乎完全抑制了去甲肾上腺素和BHQ的作用。提示TMB-8降低脑细胞内游离钙的作用机制是通过促使细胞内钙进入肌浆网以抑制内钙的释放,并通过饱和肌浆网内Ca2+间接地阻滞细胞膜钙通道。 相似文献
705.
设计合成了21个1-[2-(取代苯基甲硫基)-2-(2,4-二氟苯基)乙基]-1H-1,2,4-三唑类化合物,其中19个为首次报道。体外抑菌试验表明:所有目标化合物对8种试验真菌均有不同程度的抗菌活性,其中化合物1,2,5对絮状表皮癣菌的活性为硫康唑的512倍以上;化合物5对白色念株菌的活性为硫康唑的32倍;化合物2对申克孢子丝菌的活性为硫康唑的32倍;化合物2,14对新型隐球菌的活性分别为硫康唑的64倍,32倍;化合物1,5对熏烟色曲菌的活性分别为硫康唑的16倍以上。 相似文献
706.
Cytochrome P450 mediated bioactivation of methyleugenol to 1'- hydroxymethyleugenol in Fischer 344 rat and human liver microsomes 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Gardner I; Wakazono H; Bergin P; de Waziers I; Beaune P; Kenna JG; Caldwell J 《Carcinogenesis》1997,18(9):1775-1783
Cytochrome P450 mediated metabolism of methyleugenol to the proximate
carcinogen 1'-hydroxymethyleugenol has been investigated in vitro. Kinetic
studies undertaken in liver microsomes from control male Fischer 344 rats
revealed that this reaction is catalyzed by high affinity (Km of 74.9 +/-
9.0 microM, Vmax of 1.42 +/- 0.17 nmol/min/nmol P450) and low affinity
(apparent Km several mM) enzymic components. Studies undertaken at low
substrate concentration (20 microM) with microsomes from livers of rats
treated with the enzyme inducers phenobarbital, dexamethasone, isosafrole
and isoniazid indicated that a number of cytochrome P450 isozymes can
catalyze the high affinity component. In control rat liver microsomes, 1'-
hydroxylation of methyleugenol (assayed at 20 microM substrate) was
inhibited significantly (P < 0.05) by diallylsulfide (40%), p-
nitrophenol (55%), tolbutamide (30%) and alpha-naphthoflavone (25%) but not
by troleandomycin, furafylline, quinine or cimetidine. These results
suggested that the reaction is catalyzed by CYP 2E1 and by another as yet
unidentified isozyme(s) (most probably CYP 2C6), but not by CYP 3A, CYP
1A2, CYP 2D1 or CYP 2C11. Administration of methyleugenol (0-300 mg/kg/day
for 5 days) to rats in vivo caused dose- dependent auto-induction of
1'-hydroxylation of methyleugenol in vitro which could be attributed to
induction of various cytochrome P450 isozymes, including CYP 2B and CYP
1A2. Consequently, high dose rodent carcinogenicity studies are likely to
over-estimate the risk to human health posed by methyleugenol. The rate of
1'-hydroxylation of methyleugenol in vitro in 13 human liver samples varied
markedly (by 37- fold), with the highest activities being similar to the
activity evident in control rat liver microsomes. This suggests that the
risk posed by dietary ingestion of methyleugenol could vary markedly in the
human population.
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707.
708.
本文对乙醇、水、油酸等溶剂系统对左旋18-甲基炔诺酮(简称LNG)及消旋18-甲基炔酮(简称NG)渗透皮肤的影响进行了研究。实验采用Vaila-Chien双室扩散池及成人离体皮肤。结果表明,在80%乙醇水溶液中,LNG与NG的皮肤渗透速率比用生理盐水提高5~6倍,其中NG的皮肤渗透速率比LNG高1~2倍.含水乙醇与油酸复合使用时,对LNG通透皮肤具有明显的协同促进作用。当油酸—80%乙醇(0.75:9.25v/v)作为复合溶剂时。所获得的LNG皮肤渗透速率为0.53μg/cm2·h,分别比油酸或80%乙醇单独使用时提高29倍和3倍。提示正确地采用复合溶剂系统,能有效地提高LNG或NG透皮速率。 相似文献
709.