Defective Treg response in acute kidney injury was caused by a reduction in TIM-3+ Treg cells

Background: Despite years of research, the treatment of acute kidney injury (AKI) remains a significant challenge. Animal studies presented causal links between elevated regulatory T cell (Treg) response and better prognosis in AKI. Previous studies in mice and humans showed that TIM-3+ Treg cells were more potent than TIM-3- Treg cells. In this study, we investigated the role of TIM-3 in Treg in AKI patients.

Methods: Peripheral blood from AKI patients and healthy controls were gathered, and TIM-3+ Treg subset was examined.

Results: Compared to healthy controls, the AKI patients presented a significant upregulation in the frequency of circulating CD4+CD25+ T cells; however, the majority of this increase was from the CD4+CD25+TIM-3- subset, and the frequency of CD4+CD25+TIM-3+ T cells was downregulated in AKI patients. In both healthy controls and AKI patients, the CD4+CD25+TIM-3+ T cells expressed higher levels of Foxp3, and were more potent at expressing LFA-1, LAG-3, CTLA-4, IL-10 and TGF-β. In addition, the CD4+CD25+TIM-3+ T cells from both healthy controls and AKI patients presented higher capacity to suppress CD4+CD25- T cell proliferation than the CD4+CD25+TIM-3- T cells. Interestingly, the total CD4+CD25+ T cells from AKI patients presented significantly lower inhibitory capacity than those from healthy controls, indicating that the low frequency of CD4+CD25+TIM-3+ T cells was restricting the efficacy of the Treg responses in AKI patients.

Conclusions: We demonstrated that TIM-3 downregulation impaired the function of Treg cells in AKI. The therapeutic potential of CD4+CD25+TIM-3+ T cells in AKI should be investigated in future studies.     

教育心理学和教学效益相关性的研究

本研究在罗马尼亚Oradea大学医药学院进行，始于1998年，结束于2003年。研究的出发点为该学院的学生们提出不少的教师，包括一些国内外知名的学者和医生，因缺乏教育心理学知识，不能很好地理解学生，组织教学和传授知识。因此，本研究设置了问卷调查，学院向教员开设了教育心理学课程(1998年10月～1999年7月)，与学生和教师座谈，统计并比较学生的考试成绩，特别地跟踪研究全国年度(1999年～2003年)医学证书汇考结果。研究结果客观地证实了教育心理学能够提高学习(工作)效益和成果，因为教育心理学知识使得教师(和医师)更好地与学生(或病人)沟通、理解和组织、合作。     

Gemins modulate the expression and activity of the SMN complex

Reduction in the expression of the survival of motor neurons (SMN) protein results in spinal muscular atrophy (SMA), a common motor neuron degenerative disease. SMN is part of a large macromolecular complex (the SMN complex) that includes at least six additional proteins called Gemins (Gemin2-7). The SMN complex is expressed in all cells and is present throughout the cytoplasm and in the nucleus where it is concentrated in Gems. The SMN complex plays an essential role in the production of spliceosomal small nuclear ribonucleoproteins (snRNPs) and likely other RNPs. To study the roles of the individual proteins, we systematically reduced the expression of SMN and each of the Gemins (2-6) by RNA interference. We show that the reduction of SMN leads to a decrease in snRNP assembly, the disappearance of Gems, and to a drastic reduction in the amounts of several Gemins. Moreover, reduction of Gemin2 or Gemin6 strongly decreases the activity of the SMN complex. These findings demonstrate that other components of the SMN complex, in addition to SMN, are critical for the activity of the complex and suggest that Gemin2 and Gemin6 are potentially important modifiers of SMA as well as potential disease genes for non-SMN motor neuron diseases.     

肢端黏液样炎性纤维母细胞肉瘤2例及文献复习

目的探讨肢端黏液样炎性纤维母细胞肉瘤的临床病理学特征及鉴别诊断。方法对2例发生在下肢末端的黏液样炎性纤维母细胞肉瘤进行光镜观察和免疫组化标记，并复习文献。结果2例发生在下肢末端的病程较长的渐进性肿块，术后局部复发。镜检：病变呈多结节状，边界不清；黏液样基质中见数量不等的各类炎细胞浸润，散在或灶性分布梭形、奇异形和多空泡状脂肪母细胞样3种形态的瘤细胞。免疫表型：肿瘤细胞Vim弥漫阳性，CD68和CD34灶性阳性，CK、SMA、HHF-35、S-100蛋白、CD45、CD45R0、CD15、CD30均阴性。结论此病病程较长，术后易局部复发，是一种低度恶性的肿瘤。鉴于病变黏液样基质及各类炎细胞浸润的背景较为突出，而特征性的瘤细胞稀疏，应注意与炎症性病变或具有相似组织形态的良性或恶性肿瘤鉴别。     

Gene therapy in soft tissue reconstruction

Gene therapy is defined as the introduction of a therapeutic gene into a cell, whose expression can lead to a cure of a disease or offer a transient advantage for tissue growth and regeneration. The delivery of genes can be undertaken for a number of purposes, usually it is attempted to enhance or add a function to a cell or a tissue or to delete or reduce another function. In this brief overview we describe various vehicles and techniques that have been developed to deliver therapeutic genes into cells, such as viral vectors and physical/chemical gene delivery methods including naked DNA and particle-mediated gene transfer, the microseeding technique and the application of lipids. Furthermore we review the potential utility of gene therapy from the perspective of a reconstructive surgeon. Several tissues will be discussed, particularly muscle, tendon, nerve, bone, skin and wounds.     

淋巴结血管内T细胞淋巴瘤1例报道及文献复习

目的　探讨血管内淋巴瘤 (IVL)的临床病理特征。方法　对 1例腹股沟淋巴结IVL临床、病理组织学及免疫表型进行观察分析并复习文献。结果　男性 31岁 ,不明原因高热伴消瘦 5 0天 ,右腹股沟直径 1cm淋巴结 1枚 ,B超示肝脏轻度增大 ,血LDH明显升高伴ESR及转氨酶轻度升高 ,外周血WBC 3 3× 10 7/L ,骨髓像、多种病原及各肿瘤相关抗原检测均无异常。病理活检 :腹股沟淋巴结大部分破坏 ,代之以大量扩张的中小血管 ,腔内充满大量异型淋巴样细胞 ,局部伴管壁、管周浸润并累及结外脂肪组织。瘤细胞免疫表型CD4 5、CD4 5RO、CD3阳性 ,CK、CD6 8、CD79α、CD2 0均阴性 ,血管壁及内皮细胞CD31、CD34阳性。行CHOP化疗后症状缓解 ,现仍在随访中。结论　IVL是一罕见的非霍奇金淋巴瘤 ,好发于中枢神经系统及皮肤 ,其他部位少见 ,绝大数为B细胞型 ,T型罕见 ,以浅表淋巴结活检确诊者尚无报道。临床表现有一定提示性 ,确诊靠组织病理学检查 ,部分病例对化疗敏感 ,但多数病例预后差     

Functional magnetic resonance imaging evidence for binocular interactions in human visual cortex

Using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), we explored the binocular interactions occurring when subjects viewed dichoptically presented checkerboard stimuli. A flickering radial checkerboard was presented to each eye of the subject, while T2*-weighted images were acquired over the visual cortex with gradient-echo, echoplanar sequences. We compared responses in striate and extrastriate visual cortex under four conditions: both eyes were stimulated at the same time (binocular condition), each eye was stimulated in alternation (monocular condition) or first the one eye then the other eye was stimulated (left eye first - right eye trailing, or vice versa). The results indicate that only the striate area, in and near the calcarine fissure, shows significant differences for these stimulation conditions. These differences are not evident in more remote extrastriate or associational visual areas, although the BOLD response in the stimulation-rest comparison was robust. These results suggest that the effect could be related to inhibitory interactions across ocular dominance columns in striate visual cortex.     

Synthesis and characterization of amphiphilic and microphase-separated graft copolymers, 1. Synthesis and bulk characterization of polystyrene-graft-ω-stearyl-poly(ethylene oxide)

Using the rigid and hydrophobic polystyrene (PS) chain as backbone, onto which flexible and hydrophilic stearyl-poly(ethylene oxide) (SPEO) chains are grafted, a new kind of amphiphilic, microphase-separated graft copolymer was synthesized using the macromonomer technique. Stearyl-poly(ethylene oxide) macromonomers with acryloyl end-group (SPEO-A) were prepared through an end-group exchange reaction of α-stearyl-ω-hydroxypoly(ethylene oxide) (SPEO-OH) and acryloyl chloride in the presence of triethylamine. The radical copolymerization of styrene with SPEO-A was carried out under various experimental conditions. Following a careful examination of their purity, the structure of the prepared copolymers was characterized by means of IR, ¹H NMR and GPC analyses. A new feasible method using first derivative UV spectrometry was developed for quantitative determination of the bulk composition of the graft copolymers. Copolymers with a wide range of bulk composition and satisfactory grafting degree were obtained.