Revisiting the interaction between birth weight and current body size in the foetal origins of adult disease

The four models proposed for exploring the foetal origins of adult disease (FOAD) hypothesis use the product term between size at birth and current size to determine the relative importance of pre- and post-natal growth on disease in later life. This is a common approach for testing the interaction between an exposure (in this instance size at birth) and an effect modifier (in this instance current size)—incorporating the product term obtained by multiplying the exposure and effect modifier variables within a statistical regression model. This study examines the mathematical basis for this approach and uses computer simulations to demonstrate two potential statistical flaws that might generate misleading findings. The first of these is that the expected value of the partial regression coefficient for the product term (between exposure and effect modifier) will be zero when the outcome, exposure and effect modifier are all continuously distributed and follow a multivariate normal distribution. This is because testing the product interaction term amounts to testing for multivariate normality among the three variables, irrespective of the pair-wise correlations amongst them. The second flaw is that it is possible to generate a statistically significant interaction between exposure and effect modifier, even when none exists, simply by categorising either or both of these variables. These flaws pose a serious challenge to the four models approach proposed for exploring the FOAD hypothesis. The interaction between exposure and effect modifier variables should be interpreted with caution both here and elsewhere in epidemiological analyses.     

LncRNA-DANCR: A valuable cancer related long non-coding RNA for human cancers

Objectives

Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNA) are a type of noncoding RNA that comprise of longer than 200 nucleotides sequences. They can regulate chromosome structure, gene expression and play an essential role in the pathophysiology of human diseases, especially in tumorigenesis and progression. Nowadays, they are being targeted as potential biomarkers for various cancer types. And many research studies have proven that lncRNAs might bring a new era to cancer diagnosis and support treatment management. The purpose of this review was to inspect the molecular mechanism and clinical significance of long non-coding RNA- differentiation antagonizing nonprotein coding RNA(DANCR) in various types of human cancers.

早产儿用面罩给氧后抗氧化水平的变化

目的：了解早产患儿氧化应激反应能力，以指导临床合理用氧。方法：60例早产儿分为3组，AB2组均给氧治疗，C组不用氧。治疗前后监测3组血浆中谷胱甘肽（GSH）和丙二醛（MDA）值。结果：AB2组组血浆GSH含量均低于C组，给氧时间越长，氧浓度越高，GSH含量越低；AB2组MDA均高于C组，且随着氧浓度和给氧时间的增加而增高。结论：早产患儿对高氧暴露的反应能力低下，长时间高浓度的氧疗可使其抗氧化能力降低，即使在面罩给氧化和抗氧化的动态平衡也有改变，如产生的自由基超过机体的清除能力，机体将受到相应损害，故建立临床上应注意合理用氧。     

永久性人工心脏起搏器置入术后非心脏并发症原因与护理对策

人工心脏起搏器置人术是治疗多种严重心律失常的有效方法之一，随着电子工艺技术的不断发展，更多用途的生理性起搏器置入比例逐年增加。作为一种创伤性治疗，其并发症也十分常见，严重的并发症往往影响病人的预后，但一些非心脏并发症容易被人们忽视，如果这些并发症处理不当，亦会危及病人生命。因此，采取合理的护理模式对人工心脏起搏器置入术后病人进行严密观察，可早期预防、发现并发症，提高临床治愈率。     

服用健脾生血补肾中药划船运动员大运动量训练后血红蛋白及免疫球蛋白等指标的变化

目的:观察常见的运动性疲劳症状指标血红蛋白和免疫功能的变化,分析健脾生血、补肾中药组方对划船运动员运动性疲劳症状的影响。方法:纳入2004-03-04/2004-03-24山东省水上运动学校的男运动员20名,皮艇8名,赛艇12名,年龄17～22岁,采用数字表法随机分为实验组和对照组,各10名。在冬训期间运动量和强度在中到大的20d时间中进行实验。实验组内服课题组根据健脾生血、补肾的治则研制的中药(A药)。药物由人参、黄芪、熟地、阿胶等13味中药组成,制成口服液和胶囊两种剂型,分别在早餐前0.5h和晚餐后2h服用,每次服用口服液20mL(10mL中相当于含生药90g),胶囊9小粒(每粒胶囊0.38g,其中生药含量0.37g,生药量共3.33g)。对照组服用目前国内运动队最常使用的提高血红蛋白中药(B药),由口服液和胶囊铁剂组成,早餐前0.5h服用口服液20mL,晚餐后2h服用胶囊铁剂920mg。两组均连续服药20d。给药全部采取单盲方式。分别在服药前、服药后10d和服药20d,清晨空腹取肘静脉血,作血红蛋白、白细胞、血细胞比容、免疫球蛋白G、免疫球蛋白M测定和运动训练完成量的自我评定和教练员的评定。结果:实验观察期间,因伤病原因,有4名受试者中途退出脱落,未进入结果分析。最后进入结果分析为16名,实验组9名,对照组7名。①实验组服药后10,20d血红蛋白均有升高趋势,但无论是组间,还是组内统计学比较,差异均无显著性意义(P>0.05);白细胞和血细胞比容两组整个实验期间无大的变化。②两组服药后免疫球蛋白G和免疫球蛋白M的变化不明显,仅在实验后20d实验组免疫球蛋白M高于对照组(P<0.05)。③实验组自我评定分有升高趋势,对照组有下降趋势;两组教练员评定分均有升高趋势,但是,除了实验组10d时教练员评定与训练前比较差异有显著性意义外(P<0.05),组间和组内比较差异均无显著性意义(P>0.05)。结论:两组在大运动量、大强度训练后血红蛋白、免疫球蛋白G和免疫球蛋白M均无明显下降的情况发生,维持了原有的水平,中药处方对运动性血红蛋白和免疫功能下降有良好的作用。     

Visualizing polymeric bioresorbable scaffolds with three-dimensional image reconstruction using contrast-enhanced micro-computed tomography

There are no previous studies showing how to visualize polymeric bioresorbable scaffolds (BRSs) by micro-computed tomography (mCT). There are no previous studies showing how to visualize polymeric bioresorbable scaffolds (BRSs) by micro-computed tomography (mCT). This study aimed to explore the feasibility of detecting polymeric BRS with 3-dimensional reconstruction of BRS images by contrast-enhanced mCT and to determine the optimal imaging settings. BRSs, made of poly-l-lactic acid (PLLA), were implanted in coronary bifurcation models. Five treatments were conducted to examine an optimal condition for imaging BRSs: Baseline treatment, samples were filled with normal saline and scanned with mCT immediately; Treatment-1, -2, -3 and -4, samples were filled with contrast medium and scanned with mCT immediately and 1, 2 and 3 h thereafter, corresponding to soaking time of contrast medium of 0, 1, 2 and 3 h. Compared to Baseline, mCT scanning completely discriminate the scaffold struts from the vascular lumen immediately after filling the samples with contrast agent but not from the vascular wall until the contrast agent soaking time was more than 2 h (Treatment-3 and -4). By setting 10–15 HU as a cut-point of CT values, the scaffold strut detectable rate at Baseline and Teatment-1, -2, -3 and -4 were 1.23?±?0.31%, 1.65?±?0.26%, 58.14?±?12.84%, 97.97?±?1.43% and 98.90?±?0.38%, respectively (Treatment-3 vs. Treatment-2, p?<?0.01); meanwhile, the success rate of 3D BRS reconstruction with high quality images at Baseline and Teatment-1, -2, -3 and -4 were 1.23%, 1.65%, 58.14%, 97.97% and 98.90%, respectively (Treatment-3 vs. Treatment-2, p?<?0.01). In conclusions, reconstruction of 3D BRS images is technically feasible by contrast-enhanced mCT and soaking time of contrast agent for more than 2 h is necessary for complete separation of scaffold struts from the surrounding structures in the phantom samples.     

The link between maternal sleep and permissive parenting during late adolescence

Utilizing a multi‐method design, the present study examined the association between maternal sleep, assessed via actigraphy and self‐reports, and permissive parenting (e.g. lax, inconsistent discipline) during adolescence, as well as the extent to which this association differed by mothers’ race/ethnicity and socioeconomic status. The sample was comprised of 234 mothers (M age = 41.76 years, SD = 6.25; 67% European‐American, 31% African‐American, 2% other race/ethnicities) and 237 adolescents (113 boys, 124 girls; M age = 15.80 years, SD = 0.80; 66% European‐American, 34% African‐American). Mothers’ sleep duration (actual sleep minutes) and quality (sleep efficiency, latency, long wake episodes) were assessed using actigraphy. Mothers also reported on their sleep problems and adolescents reported on mothers’ permissive parenting behaviours. Results revealed that actigraphy‐based longer sleep duration and shorter sleep latency were associated with lower levels of permissive parenting. Further, mothers’ race/ethnicity and socioeconomic status moderated the association between actigraphy‐based sleep quality (i.e. sleep efficiency, long wake episodes) and permissive parenting. Specifically, a negative association between sleep efficiency and permissive parenting was evident only for African‐American mothers. In addition, a positive association between more frequent night wakings and permissive parenting was evident only for mothers from lower socioeconomic status households. The findings highlight the benefits of longer and higher‐quality sleep for reducing the risk of permissive parenting, especially among ethnic minority mothers and mothers from lower socioeconomic status households.     

B超在经皮胆镜息肉摘除术前的应用

本文报告３０例经皮胆镜息肉摘除术前的Ｂ超筛选。病理结果均为良性病变。提出了Ｂ超对经皮胆镜息肉摘除病例的筛选标准：①息肉直径＜１２ｍｍ，近年内无明显增大；②基底不宽，胆囊壁局部无增厚改变；③胆囊壁厚度＜３ｍｍ，胆囊无显著慢性炎症。     

TJU103体外诱导造血干细胞移植的免疫耐受

目的:前期研究表明,吲哚亚甲基异烟腙(简称TJU103)可以明显降低异基因造血干细胞移植小鼠移植物抗宿主病的发生率和程度,明显延长小鼠移植后的生存期.实验拟观察TJU103诱导造血干细胞移植免疫耐受和对移植物抗白血病的影响,探索一条既能降低移植物抗宿主病又能保留移植物抗白血病的移植途径.方法:实验于2007-07/10在南方医科大学珠江医院血液科实验室完成.①实验材料:人急性髓系白血病细胞株KG1a由中国医学科学院血液学研究所宋增璇教授惠赠.10份自愿捐献的健康人外周血白细胞由广州市中心血站提供,等分为供者与受者.②实验方法:采用梯度密度沉淀法常规分离人外周血单个核细胞.以供者外周血单个核细胞作为反应细胞,受者正常外周血单个核细胞作为刺激细胞,体外建立异基因造血干细胞移植中供、受者间的单向混合淋巴细胞反应体系,应用TJU103阻断CD4 T细胞激活的抗原信号通路,设单独刺激细胞和反应细胞对照以及1640完全培养基空白对照.③实验评估:于培养第1、3、5天应用MTT检测TJU103对供者淋巴细胞的增殖活性的影响,于第5天用乳酸脱氢酶释放法分别检测10∶1, 20∶1,40∶1效靶比时供者淋巴细胞对受者单个核细胞和急性髓系白血病细胞KG1a的细胞毒活性影响,同时采用流式细胞仪检测CD4 CD25 T细胞的百分比.结果:第3天和第5天实验组A值低于对照组 (P < 0.05).单向混合淋巴细胞5 d后实验组各效靶比供者T细胞杀伤受者外周血单个核细胞的活性明显低于对照孔 (P < 0.05);二者对KG1a细胞的杀伤活性差异不显著 (P > 0.05).TJU103对供者CD4 CD25 T细胞无影响.结论:TJU103降低T淋巴细胞增殖反应的同时并不影响其抗白血病效应,有望用于临床异基因造血干细胞移植中移植物抗宿主病和移植物抗白血病的免疫调节.     

乙型肝炎病毒相关性肾炎13例临床与病理分析

目的：探讨乙型肝炎病毒相关性肾炎的临床与病理特点。方法：经临床病理活检确诊的乙型肝炎病毒相关性肾炎患者13例，根据乙型肝炎免疫组织化学染色结果分为两组：Ⅰ组(HBsAg阳性组)：7例；Ⅱ组(HBsAg HBcAb阳性组)：6例。并对两组的临床诊断、病理类型及免疫荧光的情况进行分析。结果：①临床诊断：Ⅰ组：肾病综合征4例(占57．14％)．慢性肾炎2例(占28．57％)，急性肾炎1例(占14．29％)；Ⅱ组：肾病综合征(占83．33％)．慢性肾炎1例(占16．67％)；②病理类型：I组：膜性肾病2例(占28．57％)．系膜增生2例(占28．57％)．弥漫硬化1例(占14．29％)，膜增殖2例(占28．57％)；Ⅱ组：膜性肾病3例(占50％)，系膜增生1例(占16．67％)，弥漫硬化2例(占33．33％)；③免疫荧光：免疫球蛋白沉积以IgA IgG IgM为主．其中Ⅱ组5例(占71．43％)，Ⅱ组5例(占83．33％)，补体C3沉积Ⅰ组6例(占85．71％)，Ⅱ组6例(占100％)。结论：乙型肝炎病毒相关性肾炎，临床表现多样化．病理轻重不一，易误诊，应肾活检。