Endocrinology of reproduction and phase transition in locusts

In the last decade, important progress has been made in the experimental analysis of the endocrine mechanisms controlling reproduction and phase transition in locusts. Phase transition is a very fascinating, but complex, phenomenon of phenotypic plasticity that is triggered by changes in population density and can lead to the formation of extremely devastating hopper bands and adult gregarious locust swarms. While some phase characteristics change within hours, others appear more gradually in the next stage(s), or even in the next generation(s). In adults, the phase status also has a major influence on the process of reproduction. A better understanding of how solitarious locusts become gregarious and how this switch affects reproductive physiology may result in novel strategies to fight locust plagues. In this paper, we will review the current knowledge concerning this close interaction between locust phase polyphenism and reproduction.     

Abstracts from other journals

The aim of the present study was to clinically evaluate fissure sealants on the occlusal fissures and buccal pits of permanent first and second molars after 20 and 15 years, respectively. The population consisted of 72 children, each of whom had had their four first molars sealed between 1977 and 1980. At the annual examinations, all caries-free, newly erupted second molars were sealed. When sealant was applied to the second molars, the first molars were checked and sealant was reapplied to those that had deficient sealants. At the follow-up, when the subjects were 26–27 years of age, 27 in the original group had moved from the community. Thus, the present result is based on 45 subjects. One hundred and fifty-three sealed first molars and 161 sealed second molars were available for inspection. At the follow-up examination of the first molars 20 years after sealant had been applied, 65% showed complete retention, 22% partial retention without caries, and 1306 caries or restoration in the occlusal fissures or buccal pits. At the 15-year follow-up of the second molars, the corresponding figures were 65%, 30% and 5%, respectively. Of the restored or carious molars, significantly more were found in the mandible than in the maxilla ( P  < 0.001). This longitudinal study showed that pit and fissure sealants, applied during childhood, have a long-lasting, caries-preventive effect.     

Effect of recombinant human interleukin-6 (rhIL-6) and rhIL-3 on hematopoietic regeneration as demonstrated in a nonhuman primate chemotherapy model

Using a recently developed hepsulfam-induced pancytopenia model in rhesus macaques, we have studied the effects of recombinant human interleukin-6 (rhIL-6) and rhIL-3 on marrow regeneration. Control animals were given hepsulfam (1.5 g/m2 by a single 30-minute intravenous [i.v.] injection, n = 4), while study animals received hepsulfam followed by rhIL-6, rhIL-3, or a combination of rhIL-6 and rhIL-3 (n = 3 per study group). Each cytokine was administered by once- daily subcutaneous (SC) injection (15 micrograms/kg/d) for 3 weeks beginning the day after chemotherapy (days 2 through 22). Mean platelet counts in control animals were < 100,000/microL on days 15 through 24, with 50% of the counts < 50,000/microL and two of four animals requiring platelet transfusion. In the rhIL-6- and rhIL-6/rhIL-3- treated groups, the nadir mean platelet counts were 164,000 +/- 58,700/microL and 162,300 +/- 23,800/microL, respectively, and occurred on day 15. Platelet counts in the rhIL-3-treated group were similar to those in controls. Mean absolute neutrophil counts (ANCs) < 1,000/microL occurred on days 10 through 29 in control animals, days 8 through 15 in rhIL-6-treated animals, and days 6 through 8 and 13 in rhIL-6/rhIL-3-treated animals. The frequency of ANCs < 500/microL was significantly less in the rhIL-6- and rhIL-6/rhIL-3-treated groups versus control groups (2.7 +/- 0.6 and 2.0 +/- 1.0 vs 7.0 +/- 1.4 occurrences, respectively; P < .05). rhIL-3-treated animals had ANCs similar to those in controls; one animal died with septicemia on day 21. Monkeys receiving rhIL-6 were significantly more anemic during the cytokine administration period; however, the anemia resolved by day 24. Coadministration of rhIL-3 and rhIL-6 partially corrected the anemia. The data indicate that rhIL-6 prevents significant thrombocytopenia and shortens the neutropenic period in this chemotherapy model.     

Assessment of knowledge and attitude about basic life support among dental interns and postgraduate students in Bangalore city,India

BACKGROUND: Life-threatening emergencies can occur at anytime, at anywhere and in anyone. Effective management of an emergency situation in the dental office is ultimately the dentist's responsibility. The lack of training and inability to cope with medical emergencies can lead to tragic consequences and sometimes legal complications. Therefore, health professionals including dentists must be well prepared to deal with medical emergencies. This study was undertaken to assess the knowledge about and attitude towards basic life support(BLS) among dental interns and postgraduate students in Bangalore city, India.METHODS: A cross sectional survey was conducted among dental interns and postgraduate students from May 2014 to June 2014 since few studies have been conducted in Bangalore city. A questionnaire with 17 questions regarding the knowledge about and attitude towards BLS was distributed to 202 study participants.RESULTS: The data analyzed using the Chi-square test showed that dental interns and postgraduate students had average knowledge about BLS. In the 201 participants, 121(59.9%) had a positive attitude and 81(40.1%) had a negative attitude towards BLS.CONCLUSIONS: Cardiopulmonary resuscitation should be considered as part of the dental curriculum. Workshops on a regular basis should be focused on skills of cardiopulmonary resuscitation for dental students.     

Gamma-knife radiosurgery for trigeminal neuralgia

Gamma knife was installed at the PD Hinduja National Hospital and Medical Research Centre, Mumbai, India, in January 1997. In the first year of gamma-knife radiosurgery to January 1998, we treated 110 patients, of whom six had medically refractory trigeminal neuralgia. Seven treatments were administered to this group of six patients (one had bilateral neuralgia). This report evaluates the effectiveness of radiosurgery treatment in these patients. The median age of the patients was 56 years and there were five males and one female. Following Leksell stereotactic frame fixation, a magnetic resonance imaging scan was done in all. The Leksell gamma plan was used for planning. A radiosurgery dose of 70–80 Gy was delivered to the trigeminal root entry zone, 2–4 mm anterior to the junction of the pons and trigeminal nerve with a single 4 mm collimator helmet. Complete pain relief was achieved in four patients. Two had partial relief. No patient developed any radiosurgery related morbidity during the follow-up period of 5–16 months. Radiosurgery seems to be an effective approach for medically or surgically refractory trigeminal neuralgia.