Effect of liver damage on the level of coagulation factor II, X and VII in human and bovine plasma

The thrombin generation test using thromboplastin reagent and synthetic substrate for thrombin and determination of factors II, X and VII using chromogenic substrates were applied to bovine and human plasma from objects with liver disease. The liver damage was accompanied with a lowering of the concentration of at least one factor of the extrinsic pathway of prothrombin activation. Use of some of these methods for laboratory diagnosis of liver damage is proposed.     

Sixteen groups of plant viruses

Sixteen groups of plant viruses are described. The type members and main characteristics of each group are listed. The extension of this system to other plant viruses is discussed, and it is recommended that only well studied viruses should be grouped. Names are proposed for twelve of the groups: bromovirus, carlavirus, caulimovirus, comovirus, cucumovirus, nepovirus, potexvirus, potyvirus, tobamovirus, tobravirus, tombusvirus, and tymovirus. We suggest that the value of these names should be tested by using them for an experimental period.     

On the transfer of the Fusarium toxins deoxynivalenol (DON) and zearalenone (ZON) from sows to their fetuses during days 35-70 of gestation

Eleven pregnant sows with a body weight between 153 and 197 kg were fed a control diet (CON, 0.15 mg DON and 0.0035 mg ZON/kg diet) or a diet containing 15% of Fusarium toxin contaminated triticale (MYCO, 4.42 mg DON and 0.048 mg ZON/kg diet) in the period of day 35 and 70 of gestation. The indirect effect of feed intake was separated from the direct effects of the Fusarium toxins by the restricted feeding regimen where all sows were fed the same amount of feed (2000 g/d) over the whole study. At the end of experiment, fetuses were delivered by Caesarian section and samples of serum, bile, urine, liver, kidney and spleen of euthanatized sows and fetuses were taken to analyze the concentrations of DON, ZON and their metabolites. Feeding the Fusarium toxin contaminated diet to pregnant sows caused neither adverse effects on performance, organ weights and maintenance of pregnancy of sows nor on fetus weight and length. Furthermore, no teratogenic or embryolethal effects could be observed in the MYCO group. Hematological and clinical-chemical parameters of sows and fetuses were not affected by feeding, with the exception of significantly lower GLDH (glutamate dehydrogenase) serum activities in MYCO sows. The carry over of DON and ZON from the diet to the sow or fetus tissues was calculated by the diet ratio (sum of concentrations of all metabolites in the physiological specimen divided by the dietary toxin concentration), while the fetus ratio was evaluated by the sum of concentrations of all metabolites in the physiological specimen of the fetus divided by that of the sows. DON and deepoxy-DON were found in urine, bile, serum, liver, kidney and spleen of sows of the MYCO group, but not in the bile of fetuses (spleen not analyzed). ZON and its metabolite alpha-zearalenol (alpha-ZOL) were detected in urine and bile of sows, while all specimens of fetuses as well as serum and liver of sows were negative for ZON metabolites. The maximum diet ratios for urine and bile in sows of the MYCO group were 0.84 and 0.05 for DON metabolites and 1.2 and 3.8 for ZON metabolites, underscoring the differences in metabolism and excretion of both toxins. The maximum diet ratio of DON and deepoxy-DON into liver, kidney and spleen of MYCO sows were 0.003, 0.007 and 0.003, respectively. The maximum fetus ratio of DON and deepoxy-DON into urine, bile, serum, liver and kidney of fetuses were 0.006, 0, 0.5, 0.88, and 0.33, while the maximum placental ratio (sum of toxin concentrations in the physiological specimen of the fetus divided by the toxin serum concentration of the sow) were 0.64, 0, 0.50, 0.70 and 0.52, respectively. Therefore, it can be concluded that the developing fetus is exposed to DON between the gestation days 35 and 70 when the sows are fed a Fusarium toxin contaminated diet. ZON concentration in the MYCO diet was too low to get reliable results for fetus or placental ratios.