Synthesis and Evaluation of Azole-Substituted Tetrahydronaphthalenes as Inhibitors of P450 arom,P450 17, and P450 TxA2

In search of potential drugs for the treatment of estrogen- and androgen-dependent cancer as well as the prophylaxis of metastases, tetralones, tetralins, and dihydronaphthalenes bearing a OCH₃ substituent at the benzene nucleus and an imidazol-4-yl, imidazol-1-yl, or 1,2,4-triazol-1-yl substituent in 2-position were synthesized with and without C₁-spacer between the rings (compounds 2 – 26 ). The compounds were tested in vitro for inhibition of the three target enzymes P450 arom (human placental microsomes), P450 17 (rat testicular microsomes), and P450 TxA₂ (citrated human whole blood). To examine selectivity, some compounds were further tested in vitro for inhibition of P450 18 (bovine adrenal mitochondria), P450 see (bovine adrenal mitochondria) and corticoid formation (aldosterone, corticosterone; ACTH stimulated rat adrenal tissue). In vivo, selected compounds were examined in Sprague Dawley rats regarding P450 TxA₂ inhibition, reduction of plasma testosterone concentration, antiuterotrophic activity (inhibition of the uterotrophic activity of androstenedione), reduction of plasma estradiol concentration (pregnant mares' serum gonadotropin-primed rats), and mammary tumor inhibiting activity (dimethylbenzanthracene-induced tumor; pre- and postmenopausal model). In the series of imidazol-4-yl compounds, which represent a novelty in the field of azole inhibitors of steroidogenic P450 enzymes, strong inhibitors of P450 arom and/or P450 17 were found: 7-OCH₃-2-(imidazol-4-ylmethylene)-1-tetralone ( 4 ) and 7-OCH₃-2-(imidazol-4-ylmethyl)-tetralin ( 12 ) are among the most potent inhibitors of P450 arom in vitro known so far. Compound 4 is a selective inhibitor, whereas 12 shows in addition strong inhibition of P450 17. In contrast to 12 , the 6-OCH₃ derivative (compound 11 ) is a selective inhibitor of P450 17, being 50 times more potent than ketoconazole. Some imidazol-1-yl compounds show a marked inhibition of P450 TxA₂: 2-(imidazol-1-ylmethyl)-1-tetralone ( 13 ) is a selective inhibitor of P450 TxA₂, whereas 7-OCH₃-2-(imidazol-1-ylmethyl)-tetralin ( 17 ) as well as 2-(imidazol-1-ylmethyl)-tetralin ( 16 ) and 7-OCH₃-2-imidazol-1-yl-3,4-dihydronaphthalene ( 25 ) additionally show strong inhibition of P450 arom and P450 17. Regarding the other steroidogenic P450 enzymes as well as corticosterone formation, the compounds show only little inhibitory activity. Aldosterone formation, however, is inhibited at low concentrations. Nevertheless, 4 and 12 are more selective, i.e. inhibit aldosterone synthesis less than the well known inhibitor of P450 arom fadrozole. The compounds show activity in the aforementioned in vivo tests.     

The direct enhancement of positive palatability by chlordiazepoxide is antagonized by Ro 15-1788 and CGS 8216

In a previous study, it was found that positive, palatability-dependent consummatory reactions in rats to intraorally infused tastes were facilitated by chlordiazepoxide (10 mg/kg). In contrast, the rats' more neutral or aversive reactions to these tastes were not facilitated by chlordiazepoxide. This suggested that chlordiazepoxide might selectively enhance the positive palatability of tastes. This effect was replicated in the present experiment, and in addition, the benzodiazepine antagonists Ro 15-1788 and CGS 8216 were found to counteract the enhancement of positive ingestive reactions produced by chlordiazepoxide. These antagonist effects generally suggest that the benzodiazepine receptor complex may be involved in making tastes more palatable after chlordiazepoxide administration.     

Quality improvement of paediatric care in the Netherlands.

The development of the quality improvement programme of the Paediatric Association of the Netherlands is described within the setting of the national programme of the Dutch government. The programme is based on four pillars: site visits by peers (visitatie), continuous medical and professional education, development of clinical (evidence based) guidelines and patient safety with complication registration. The site visits by peers play a central role in assessing the quality improvement activities in hospital based paediatric care. The self assessment approach and the confidential character of the visits are well received by the surveyed specialists. Recent inclusion of quality criteria in the legally required 5 yearly medical specialist recertification process has boosted the care for quality, which could serve as example for other countries.     

Organisational factors in relation to control of blood pressure: an observational study

BACKGROUND: Studies show that 60-75% of treated patients with hypertension in general practice, still do not reach the recommended blood pressure targets of <150/90 mmHg. AIM: To investigate aspects of hypertension management in relation to sociodemographic variables, antihypertensive drug treatment, and organisational factors in primary care. DESIGN OF STUDY: Observational study over 3 years. SETTING: Eight general practices in Tayside, UK. METHOD: Participants were 560 randomly selected patients aged 40-79 years receiving treatment for hypertension. The outcome measurement was blood pressure control, expressed in binary form based on the British Hypertension Society audit standard of <150/90 mmHg. RESULTS: Of 536 eligible patients, 261 (49%) were defined as having inadequate blood pressure control at the end of the study period. No significant associations were discovered with sex, age, deprivation score and comorbidity. In those patients with inadequate control, 30% had no modifications to their drug treatment during the study period. Blood pressure control at the end of the study period was not associated with number of antihypertensive drugs taken or number of antihypertensive drug modifications. The mean number of clinician contacts was 11 (standard deviation = 8), and mean continuity in primary care was high, although this was not associated with improved blood pressure control. A higher proportion of hypertension-related consultations were associated with increased odds of having inadequate blood pressure control. CONCLUSION: Achieving adequate blood pressure control continues to represent a substantial health problem in a significant proportion of the hypertensive population. Patient, physician and organisational elements play a role in ensuring effective delivery of hypertension care in the community.     

Congenital torticollis: Evaluation by fine-needle aspiration biopsy

Fine-needle aspiration biopsy, used extensively for evaluating head and neck masses in adults, also provides an excellent minimally invasive means of evaluating infants with neck masses and torticollis. Three cases of torticollis involving infants are presented. In each case, fine-needle aspiration revealed a benign fibrous lesion, ruling out malignancy. The remaining cytologic differential diagnosis between infantile fibromatosis, fibromatosis colli, and calcifying aponeurotic fibrosis is discussed, with mention of the possible causes of and treatment for congenital torticollis. We conclude that fine-needle aspiration provides a fast and accurate diagnosis of neck masses in infants who have congenital torticollis, thereby avoiding surgical procedures in this very young age group.     

Recombinant α2(IV)NC1 domain of type IV collagen is an effective regulator of retinal capillary endothelial cell proliferation and inhibits pre-retinal neovascularisation

Background A recombinant form of the α2(IV)NC1 domain of type IV collagen has been shown to have potent anti-angiogenic activity although this peptide has not been studied in the context of proliferative retinopathies. In the current investigation we examined the potential for α2(IV)NC1 to regulate retinal microvascular endothelial cell function using a range of in vitro and in vivo assay systems. Materials and methods α2(IV)NC1 at concentrations between 0.1 and 1 μg/ml was added to retinal microvascular endothelial cells (RMECs) followed by assessment of cell attachment, proliferation and survival. This agent was also tested within a novel in vitro three-dimensional retinal angiogenesis assay and the number of angiogenic sprouts quantified. α2(IV)NC1 was also delivered intra-vitreally to mice with oxygen-induced proliferative retinopathy (OIR) and neovascularisation evaluated in comparison with vehicle-treated controls. Results RMECs treated with α2(IV)NC1 (0.1, 0.5 and 1 μg/ml) showed delayed attachment at 3 h post-seeding, although this deficit had been restored at the 6-h time point. BrdU assay of DNA replication revealed that confluent RMECs treated with α2(IV)NC1 showed no measurable response in comparison with vehicle-treated controls. By contrast, proliferation of sub-confluent RMECs was significantly reduced by α2(IV)NC1 at 0.5 μg/ml (P<0.01). α2(IV)NC1 also induced apoptosis in RMECs and inhibited angiogenesis of pre-existing retinal vascular networks in vitro (P<0.001). Intra-vitreal injection of α2(IV)NC1 in the OIR model significantly inhibited pre-retinal neovascularisation compared with vehicle-treated controls (P<0.001). Conclusion α2(IV)NC1 inhibits angiogenesis in the retinal microvasculature. This recombinant protein has potential for the treatment of neovascularisation in proliferative retinopathies. BioStratum Inc. did not sponsor this research in any way. None of the authors are paid consultants with this company.     

Work disability in adults with cystic fibrosis and its relationship to quality of life.

With increasing numbers of cystic fibrosis (CF) patients surviving to adulthood, issues related to vocation inevitably arise and warrant specific attention. We examined the percentage of participants with CF currently working and explored risk factors for work disability among adults with CF. METHOD: We recruited 50 consecutive patients from an adult cystic fibrosis service. Demographic, employment history, illness severity indicators and CF-attributed work disability factors were evaluated. Demographic risk factors for work disability using the illness severity measures of FEV(1), S-K score, CRDQ, and recent hospitalisation as independent variables were determined. RESULTS: Factorial analysis of a disability index (DI) indicated no dependency on FEV(1) or S-K score, but dependency on quality of life indices (p<0.05), age (p<0.05) and hospital admission rate (p<0.05). Hours worked per week were dependent on quality of life (p<0.01) (mastery of disease domain), fewer hospital admissions (p<0.01) and age (p<0.05). Sixty-eight percent of the sample reported that CF resulted in significant impediments to employment. However, few had sought vocational guidance (6%). CONCLUSION: Determinants of workforce participation shows that hours worked and perceived disability are more dependent on mastery of disease, age, and time in hospital, than on clinical severity scores. Health professionals may assist productivity through career counselling or tailored programs.     

Impact of a region-wide approach to improving systems for heart attack care: the West Midlands thrombolysis project.

OBJECTIVE: To describe changes in delay to administration of thrombolytic therapy associated with a region-wide audit. DESIGN: Observational study of patients admitted with suspected myocardial infarction (MI) based on continuous audit. SUBJECTS: 18877 patients admitted to 23 hospitals with suspected MI between April 1995 and March 1998. RESULTS: Of 11232 patients with a discharge diagnosis of definite MI, 8802 (46.6%) received thrombolytic therapy during hospitalisation, with 5155 patients eligible for treatment on admission to hospital on the basis of established indications. Call-to-needle time for those eligible for treatment on admission fell from median 105 min in the first year of the project to 85 min in year 3 (P<0.001), and door-to-needle time fell from 45 to 35 min (P<0.001). Forty percent of eligible patients were treated within the then current national standard of 90 min from time of call for help, with nearly 49% in the final year and 20% being treated within the new national standard of 60 min, by the third year. CONCLUSION: The proportion of eligible patients receiving thrombolysis within 1 h of the call for help doubled during the 3-year project but the majority of patients still wait longer than 60-min 'call-to-needle'. New systems to reduce delays to administration of thrombolysis to within 60 min of call for help are required, including consideration of pre-hospital treatment.