Die verschiedenen Fehlbildungstendenzen am Vorderarm

Zusammenfassung Durch Aneinanderfügen fortschreitender Grade bestimmter Mi?bildungs-typen lassen sich bestimmte “Tendenzen” einer Abweichung von der Norm erkennen. Die am Unterarm vorkommenden Mi?bildungsformen werden als Ausdruck derartiger Tendenzen dargestellt und als Fortsetzung bestimmter ?hnlicher Fehlbildungstendenzen aufgezeigt, die uns an der Hand in noch besser übersehbaren Mi?bildungstypen entgegentreten. Selten ist die Tendenz zur Verdoppelung. Die entgegengesetzte Tendenz zur Verschmelzung kann von ihren leichtesten Graden, n?mlich der proximalen radioulnaren Synostose fortlaufend bis zu einem bestimmten Typus eines einknochigen Vorderarmes verfolgt werden. Es wird eine weitere Fehlbildungstendenz umgrenzt, welche von einer leichten Hypoplasie der Randknochen der Handwurzel fortschreitend über partielle Defekte distaler Vorderarmknochen und proximaler Handstrahlenanteile schlie?lich in einem v?lligen Fehlen eines Vorderarmknochens und bestimmter Randstrahlen der Hand ausgepr?gt sein kann. In dem totalen Defekt des Vorderarmes und der Hand müssen wir (wenn nicht ganz sichere Zeichen einer ?u?eren Einwirkung bestehen) endogene Mi?bildungen sehen, deren geringere Grade wir in bestimmten Mi?bildungstypen der Hand wiederfinden, und zwar 1. in hochgradigen Syndaktylien (L?ffelhand), 2. in Spalth?nden und 3. in Symbrachydaktylien bzw. Brachymesophalangien. Gelegentlich sind am gleichen Tr?ger oder in der Sippe die leichten Grade (an der Hand) und die schweren Grade (am Vorderarm) gleichzeitig nachzuweisen, oder aber durch bestimmte Charakteristika wie z. B. knochenlose, Weichteilbürzel an Stelle von Fingern sowohl an der Hand- wie an den Unterarm-defekten zu analysieren. Mit 10 Textabbildungen (30 Einzelbildern).     

STUDIES ON THE FLEXNER GROUP OF DYSENTERY BACILLI : III. ANTIBODY RESPONSE IN MAN FOLLOWING THE ADMINISTRATION OF THE SPECIFIC ANTIGEN OF TYPE V SHIGELLA PARADYSENTERIAE (FLEXNER)

1. Volunteers have been immunized with the purified specific antigen of Type V Shigella paradysenteriae (Flexner). The subjects developed a high titer of bacterial agglutinins and mouse-protective antibodies. The agglutinin titer fell moderately after a period of 6 months. The subjects responded fairly well to a small recall dose of the antigen. 2. Two individuals from a group of 10 injected with the specific polysaccharide obtained from Type V organisms responded with an increase in bacterial agglutinins. Mouse-protective antibodies were demonstrable in the one serum tested.     

Renal Uptake,Excretion, and Retention of Mercury

A modification is proposed for the conventional pH stat assay for human plasma and erythrocyte cholinesterases. Principal advantages for the micromodification are smaller sample size afforded by collection of specimens in microhematocrit tubes and reduction in subsequent sample-handling time. Red blood cell (RBC) washing and recentrifugation steps are eliminated. Although the basic assay procedure remains unchanged, titration parameters are changed to accommodate smaller sample volumes. Results from either assay procedure are comparable, as shown by statistically significant regressions of micromodification assay data upon those of conventional pH stat procedure.     

Role of histamine release in nonspecific vasodilatation during anodal and cathodal iontophoresis

Nonspecific vasodilatation during iontophoresis is an important confounding factor in experimental pharmacology. In this investigation, we studied the involvement of sensory nerves and histamine-related reactions in causing nonspecific vasodilatation in a model of anodal and cathodal iontophoresis of sodium chloride. Firstly, we applied a mixture of local anesthetic (EMLA) cream to confirm its suppressive effect on nonspecific vasodilatation and to measure its efficacy in three different dosages (duration: 1, 2, and 3 h). We then investigated the role of histamine in nonspecific vasodilatation by giving an oral antihistamine drug (cetirizine) to subjects who had and had not been given EMLA. We found substantial suppression of the nonspecific vasodilatation in all EMLA-treated groups (all dosages) compared with untreated controls (with suppression rates of 60-65%). Dosage had no significant effect. A further suppression of nonspecific vasodilatation was seen after oral cetirizine during anodal and cathodal iontophoresis in both EMLA-treated and untreated groups. The antihistamine effect was most pronounced during anodal iontophoresis. These results suggest a histaminergic increase in perfusion that may be independent of neurogenic mechanisms and depend on polarity (anode or cathode). Local nerve blocks (EMLA) together with cetirizine may therefore be used to reduce nonspecific vasodilatation in both anodal and cathodal iontophoresis.     

Vaccine protection against HIV-2 infection in cynomolgus monkeys

The aim of this study was to determine if protection against an infectious human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (HIV-2) challenge could be obtained in cynomolgus macaques by active immunization using whole killed virus vaccine. Four monkeys were immunized with killed HIV-2SBL-6669, two of them with five intramuscular (im) injections of viral preparation containing 100 or 300 micrograms protein emulsified in incomplete Freund's adjuvant (IFA) and the two remaining received four im injections of 25-50 micrograms viral protein in iscoms. Each of the four vaccinated cynomolgus monkeys, along with four unvaccinated controls, were challenged intravenously two weeks after the last booster with approximately 100 animal infectious doses (ID50) of live HIV-2SBL-6669. All four immunized monkeys developed antibodies to HIV-2 envelope and core proteins before challenge exposure to HIV-2, but only the two animals vaccinated with virus in IFA developed detectable neutralizing antibodies. The two monkeys immunized with killed virus in IFA have shown no evidence of infection nine months after challenge with live virus. When blood and lymph node cells from these animals were transfused into naive cynomolgus monkeys, the recipients remained free of infection. In contrast, virus was recovered repeatedly in all nonimmunized animals and in the two animals immunized with iscom-associated viral antigens, which had a low content of envelope gp125 antigen. The demonstration of vaccine-induced protection against HIV-2 in a nonhuman primate raises hope for effective immunization against HIV infections in humans as well.     

Electrophysiological studies on rat dorsal root ganglion neurons after peripheral axotomy: Changes in responses to neuropeptides

The effect of three peptides, galanin, sulfated cholecystokinin octapeptide, and neurotensin (NT), was studied on acutely extirpated rat dorsal root ganglia (DRGs) in vitro with intracellular recording techniques. Both normal and peripherally axotomized DRGs were analyzed, and recordings were made from C-type (small) and A-type (large) neurons. Galanin and sulfated cholecystokinin octapeptide, with one exception, had no effect on normal C- and A-type neurons but caused an inward current in both types of neurons after sciatic nerve cut. In normal rats, NT caused an outward current in C-type neurons and an inward current in A-type neurons. After sciatic nerve cut, NT only caused an inward current in both C- and A-type neurons. These results suggest that (i) normal DRG neurons express receptors on their soma for some but not all peptides studied, (ii) C- and A-type neurons can have different types of receptors, and (iii) peripheral nerve injury can change the receptor phenotype of both C- and A-type neurons and may have differential effects on these neuron types.     

HLA-haploidentical blood progenitor cell transplantation in osteopetrosis

Infantile osteopetrosis (OP) carries an extremely poor prognosis unless treated early by hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. We explored the use of purified blood progenitor cells from HLA-haploidentical parents in 7 patients lacking suitable matched donors. Blood progenitor cells were purified by positive selection and by additional T-cell depletion using rosette formation. For conditioning, patients received busulfan, thiotepa, and either cyclophosphamide (5 patients) or fludarabine (2 patients). Stable donor engraftment developed in 6 of 7 patients. Graft-versus-host disease was not observed. Three of the 7 patients had no major complications and 4 of 7 had both veno-occlusive disease and respiratory failure. Five of 7 patients survive with complete cure of OP at a median of 4 years. Patients with OP lacking HLA-matched donors can be successfully treated by transplantation of purified blood progenitor cells from HLA-haploidentical donors.