Leptin concentrations in relation to overall adiposity, fat distribution, and blood pressure in a rural Chinese population

OBJECTIVE: To examine the associations between leptin levels and body mass index (BMI), fat distribution (reflected by waist to hip ratio and skinfold measurements), and blood pressure in a rural Chinese population. DESIGN AND SUBJECTS: A cross-sectional study of 294 participants who provided blood samples. MEASUREMENTS: Plasma concentrations of leptin, BMI, waist to hip ratio, skinfold thickness, and blood pressure. RESULTS: The average leptin concentration was 5.2 microg/l (3.1 for men and 7.3 for women). In univariate analyses, leptin levels were significantly correlated with BMI (r=0.47), abdominal skinfold thickness (r=0.53), triceps skinfold thickness (r=0.56), waist circumference (r=0.41), hip circumference (r=0.51), waist to hip ratio (r=0.17), and diastolic blood pressure (r=0.13). In multivariate analyses controlling for age, sex, education, current smoking, and alcohol use, independent associations between leptin levels and BMI, waist to hip ratio, waist circumference, and abdominal skinfold thickness remained. However, the significant association between leptin and blood pressure disappeared after adjusting for BMI, whereas the association between BMI and blood pressure persisted after adjusting for leptin level. CONCLUSIONS: We observed a strong positive relationship between overall adiposity and leptin levels in both men and women in a rural Chinese population. In addition, leptin concentrations were significantly associated with central obesity measured by waist to hip ratio and abdominal skinfold, independent of overall obesity. The observed positive association between leptin and blood pressure was largely explained by BMI. International Journal of Obesity (2001) 25, 121-125     

p16INK4A and p15INK4B gene deletions in primary leukemias

The 9p21 locus has been deleted at a high frequency in a wide variety of tumors. Recently, two genes, p16INK4A and p15INK4B (also called MTS1 and MTS2), have been localized in close proximity at the 9p21 locus, encoding cyclin-dependent kinases 4/6 inhibitors of relative molecular mass 16 kD and 15 kD, respectively and also found to be deleted at a high frequency in tumor cell lines. We analyzed p16INK4A and p15INK4B genes in 178 cases of primary leukemias including 81 cases of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), seven of hairy cell leukemia (HCL), seven of chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML), 43 of acute myelogenous leukemia (AML), 27 of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), and 13 of myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) by Southern blot analyses. The ALL cases showed a relatively high frequency of homozygous deletions (22%, 6 of 27) at the p16INK4A gene locus. Interestingly, of the six cases with p16INK4A homozygous deletions, only three showed homozygous deletions at the p15INK4B gene. In 81 CLL patients, we detected one homozygous and five heterozygous deletions at both the p16INK4A and p15INK4B genes and two heterozygous deletions at the p16INK4A gene alone. Deletion of these two genes in AML cases is relatively low (9%). We did not detect deletions in any of the MDS, HCL, and CML cases examined. Sequence analyses of p16INK4A gene of six CLL cases with heterozygous deletion at this locus showed a 27-bp deletion at the splice acceptor site of intron 1 in one case and changes in the coding sequence in three other cases. The data presented in this report showed that (1) p16INK4A and p15INK4B genes are preferentially deleted homozygously in ALL and heterozygously in CLL cases with frequent mutation in the second allele, and (2) p16INK4A gene appears to be more frequently deleted than p15INK4B gene.     

A prospective, observational study of postmenopausal hormone therapy and primary prevention of cardiovascular disease

BACKGROUND: Most primary prevention studies have found that long-term users of postmenopausal hormone therapy are at lower risk for coronary events, but numerous questions remain. An adverse influence of hormone therapy on cardiovascular risk has been suggested during the initial year of use; however, few data are available on short-term hormone therapy. In addition, the cardiovascular effects of daily doses of oral conjugated estrogen lower than 0.625 mg are unknown, and few studies have examined estrogen plus progestin in this regard. OBJECTIVE: To investigate duration, dose, and type of postmenopausal hormone therapy and primary prevention of cardiovascular disease. DESIGN: Prospective, observational cohort study. SETTING: Nurses' Health Study, with follow-up from 1976 to 1996. PATIENTS: 70 533 postmenopausal women, in whom 1258 major coronary events (nonfatal myocardial infarction or fatal coronary disease) and 767 strokes were identified. MEASUREMENTS: Details of postmenopausal hormone use were ascertained by using biennial questionnaires. Cardiovascular disease was established by using a questionnaire and was confirmed by medical record review. Logistic regression models were used to calculate relative risks and 95% CIs, adjusted for confounders. RESULTS: When all cardiovascular risk factors were considered, the risk for major coronary events was lower among current users of hormone therapy, including short-term users, compared with never-users (relative risk, 0.61 [95% CI, 0.52 to 0.71]). Among women taking oral conjugated estrogen, the risk for coronary events was similarly reduced in those currently taking 0.625 mg daily (relative risk, 0.54 [CI, 0.44 to 0.67]) and those taking 0.3 mg daily (relative risk, 0.58 [CI, 0. 37 to 0.92]) compared with never-users. However, the risk for stroke was statistically significantly increased among women taking 0.625 mg or more of oral conjugated estrogen daily (relative risk, 1.35 [CI, 1.08 to 1.68] for 0.625 mg/d and 1.63 [CI, 1.18 to 2.26] for >/=1.25 mg/d) and those taking estrogen plus progestin (relative risk, 1.45 [CI, 1.10 to 1.92]). Overall, little relation was observed between combination hormone therapy and risk for cardiovascular disease (major coronary heart disease plus stroke) (relative risk, 0.91 [CI, 0.75 to 1.11]). CONCLUSIONS: Postmenopausal hormone use appears to decrease risk for major coronary events in women without previous heart disease. Furthermore, 0.3 mg of oral conjugated estrogen daily is associated with a reduction similar to that seen with the standard dose of 0.625 mg. However, estrogen at daily doses of 0.625 mg or greater and in combination with progestin may increase risk for stroke.     

PLP1 gene analysis in 88 patients with leukodystrophy

Pelizaeus–Merzbacher disease (PMD) is caused in most cases by either duplications or point mutations in the PLP1 gene. This disease, a dysmyelinating disorder affecting mainly the central nervous system, has a wide clinical spectrum and its causing mutations act through different molecular mechanisms. Eighty‐eight male patients with leukodystrophy were studied. PLP1 gene analysis was performed by the Multiplex Ligation‐dependent Probe Amplification technique and DNA sequencing, and, in duplicated cases of PLP1, gene dosage was completed by using array‐CGH. We have identified 21 patients with mutations in the PLP1 gene, including duplications, short and large deletions and several point mutations in our cohort. A customized array‐CGH at the Xq22.2 area identified several complex rearrangements within the PLP1 gene region. Mutations found in the PLP1 gene are the cause of PMD in around 20% of the patients in this series.     

Antiidiotypic IgG crossreactive with Rh alloantibodies in red cell autoimmunity

IgG autoantibodies eluted from RBCs of antiglobulin positive normal blood donors contained at least two antibody populations, an IgG autoantibody (Ab 1), and an IgG population (Ab 2) that agglutinated RBCs coated with some Rh(D) alloantibodies. Eight of 24 autoantibody eluates tested agglutinated 3 of 10 anti-Rh(D) sensitized RBCs. The agglutinating activity was inhibited specifically by preincubation of the autoantibody eluate with the reactive anti-D. The reaction did not require the Fc domain of the anti-Rh(D), since autoantibody eluates agglutinated RBCs coated with F(ab')2 prepared from the reactive anti-D sera. These findings indicate that the RBCs of some antiglobulin- positive blood donors contain an immunoglobulin auto-antiidiotype (Ab 2) against the RBC autoantibody (Ab 1) which is demonstrable through its cross-reactivity with selected Rh(D) alloantibodies. Identification of auto-antiidiotypes in RBC autoimmunity lends support to the idiotype- antiidiotype network hypothesis of immune regulation and is consistent with the bizarre and complex serology of autoimmune hemolytic anemia. The absence of clinical hemolysis in antiglobulin-positive normal blood donors suggests that immunoglobulin idiotype-antiidiotype interactions may play a role in modulating the effects of RBC autoimmunity.     

Effectiveness of methyl-GAG (methylglyoxal-bis[guanylhydrazone]) in patients with advanced malignant lymphoma

We treated 51 patients with advanced malignant lymphoma refractory to conventional therapy with methyl-glyoxal-bis(guanylhydrazone) (methyl- GAG) at doses ranging from 400 to 800 mg/sq m. Therapy was started on a weekly schedule and was switched to every other week in responding patients at the onset of toxicity. Partial responses were observed in 6 of 13 evaluable patients with Hodgkin's disease (46%), 5 of 10 patients with diffuse poorly differentiated lymphocytic lymphoma (50%), 2 of 4 patients with nodular poorly differentiated lymphocytic lymphoma (50%), and 3 of 13 patients with diffuse histiocytic lymphoma (23%). Two of six patients with mycosis fungoides showed objective improvement in cutaneous disease. Toxicity was generally mild and included muscular weakness, myalgia, mucositis, and diarrhea; two patients developed bronchospasm following drug infusions. We conclude that methyl-GAG has major antitumor activity when administered on this schedule to patients with advanced malignant lymphoma. The low degree of toxicity, unique mechanism of action, and minimal myelosuppressive effects suggest that methyl-GAG will prove useful in future trials of combination chemotherapy regimens for the treatment of lymphoma.     

Patient perspectives on de‐simplifying their single‐tablet co‐formulated antiretroviral therapy for societal cost savings

Objectives

The incremental costs of expanding antiretroviral (ARV) drug treatment to all HIV‐infected patients are substantial, so cost‐saving initiatives are important. Our objectives were to determine the acceptability and financial impact of de‐simplifying (i.e. switching) more expensive single‐tablet formulations (STFs) to less expensive generic‐based multi‐tablet components. We determined physician and patient perceptions and acceptance of STF de‐simplification within the context of a publicly funded ARV budget.

Methods

Programme costs were calculated for patients on ARVs followed at the Southern Alberta Clinic, Canada during 2016 (Cdn$). We focused on patients receiving Triumeq® and determined the savings if patients de‐simplified to eligible generic co‐formulations. We surveyed all prescribing physicians and a convenience sample of patients taking Triumeq® to see if, for budgetary purposes, they felt that de‐simplification would be acceptable.

Results

Of 1780 patients receiving ARVs, 62% (n = 1038) were on STF; 58% (n = 607) of patients on STF were on Triumeq®. The total annual cost of ARVs was $26 222 760. The cost for Triumeq® was $8 292 600. If every patient on Triumeq® switched to generic abacavir/lamivudine and Tivicay® (dolutegravir), total costs would decrease by $4 325 040. All physicians (n = 13) felt that de‐simplifying could be safely achieved. Forty‐eight per cent of 221 patients surveyed were agreeable to de‐simplifying for altruistic reasons, 27% said no, and 25% said maybe.

Conclusions

De‐simplifying Triumeq® generates large cost savings. Additional savings could be achieved by de‐simplifying other STFs. Both physicians and patients agreed that selective de‐simplification was acceptable; however, it may not be acceptable to every patient. Monitoring the medical and cost impacts of de‐simplification strategies seems warranted.

     

Immune reconstitution in severe combined immunodeficiency disease after lectin-treated, T-cell-depleted haplocompatible bone marrow transplantation

We describe our 9-year experience with lectin-treated T-cell-depleted haplocompatible parental bone marrow transplantation (BMT) for 24 patients with severe combined immunodeficiency disease (SCID). Nineteen of 21 evaluable patients had T-cell engraftment; 2 of 11 patients tested had B-cell and monocyte engraftment. Fourteen of 24 (58%) patients are alive 7 months to 9.8 years post-BMT. Seventeen of 24 patients received pretransplant conditioning with chemotherapy and/or total body irradiation, and 8 of 24 received more than one transplant. Patients who received conditioning had a survival rate of 61% versus 57% for those who received no conditioning. None received graft-versus- host disease (GVHD) prophylaxis and no patient had acute or chronic GVHD greater than grade I. Kinetics and follow-up of immune recovery were analyzed in 14 patients who are greater than 1 year from transplant. Half of the patients showed evidence of T-cell function by 3 months and normal T-cell function by 4 to 7 months post-BMT. On average, T-cell numbers and subsets became normal 10 to 12 months posttransplant. Recovery of B-cell function was more delayed, although in most patients B-cell numbers and IgM levels were normal by 12 months post-BMT. B-cell function, as determined by isohemagglutinin titers or specific antibodies to pneumococcal polysaccharide, keyhole limpet hemocyanin, or tetanus toxoid, became normal in 10 of 14 patients 2 to 8 years post-BMT. Seven of the 14 are off gammaglobulin therapy. Production of isohemagglutinins tended to predict recovery of antibody response to pneumococcal polysaccharide (P < .064). Based on these results, we believe that haplocompatible BMT is an effective, curative treatment for patients with SCID who lack an HLA-matched related donor.